两百五十万年前 Two and a half million years ago,
地球上的生灵迎来了新时代 life on Planet Earth faced the dawn of a new era...
人人影视纪录片组诚意奉献
翻译 冰河巨受 冰河巨虾
冰河时期 the Ice Age.
翻译 foolyangyang Tiogy
如今我们能回到过去 Now we can go back in time...
翻译 萌Su
因为从永久冻土中 because out of the permafrost,
校对 皇冠
从洞穴深处中 from deep inside caves,
从寂寥荒漠中 and from hostile deserts,
时间轴 皇冠
巨型动物的惊人骸骨逐渐显现 the astonishing remains of giant animals are emerging.
后期 冰河巨吉
作为首批目睹这些远古生物的人 How amazing to be one of the first people
总监 冰河皇冠
是多么奇妙的事情 to see this ancient creature.
冰河时期是这些生物 The Ice Age was the last time
最后一次漫步地球 such creatures would walk the Earth.
在这座失落的伊甸园里 A lost Eden with mammoths
有着高过任何大象的猛犸象 taller than any elephant,
齿长将近十八公分的猫科动物 cats with seven-inch teeth,
还有某些迄今出现过最奇特的野兽 and some of the strangest beasts that have ever existed.
我痴迷于远古生物骸骨所蕴含的信息 I'm fascinated by what the remains of ancient animals can tell us -
有关它们 以及它们生存的世界 about them, and the world they lived in.
猛
玛
象
出
没
请
注
意
利用最新的科学技术 我们得以揭露它们的 Using new scientific advances, we can reveal how they lived,
生存和灭亡 and why they died out.
跟我一道 重回冰河时期 Come with me, back to the Ice Age.
一个由巨兽统治的世界 A world ruled by giants!
冰 河 巨 兽
第一集
剑 齿 虎 之 地
大冰河时代由一系列大规模的 The Great Ice Age was triggered by a combination of natural forces
自然力量所引发 acting on a colossal scale.
大陆漂移 Continents moved.
星球从轨道上偏离 The planet shifted in its orbit.
地球遭遇了无情的冻融作用周期 Earth was battered by a merciless cycle of freeze and thaw.
主持 爱丽丝·罗伯茨
最后一次冰冻发生在大约八万年前 The last freeze started around 80,000 years ago.
一张巨大的冰盖从北极圈 A vast ice sheet marched down from the Arctic,
覆盖至今日的北美洲大陆 across a continent that today we call North America.
它被称之为劳伦太德冰盖 Known as the Laurentide Ice Sheet,
摧毁了途径的一切 it wiped out everything in its path.
它自大陆北部扫荡至南部 It advanced down over the continent,
所有生命皆望难撤退 and life retreated before it.
没有动植物能够在这样 No animals or plants could survive
无边无际的冰原上存活下来 on its endless icy plains.
这看似一场浩大灾难 It might seem like a catastrophe,
但在冰层覆盖的陆地以南 but beyond the ice, incredibly,
新生命奇迹般地爆发 the continent saw an explosion of life...
这使美国成为世界上 making America the best place in the world
发掘消逝巨兽的绝佳场所 to discover long-lost giants.
我要到冰盖所在之地以南 I'm going south of where the ice sheet once lay,
前去寻找巨型生物 searching for megafauna,
那些冰河时期的巨兽 the great beasts of the Ice Age.
你还能上哪去 Where else would you go
邂逅冰河时期的终极明星呢 for an encounter with the ultimate Ice Age celebrity?
这片领土曾属于 This is the territory
一种冰河时期最具标志性的 of one of the most iconic and terrifying animals
骇人动物 of the Ice Age.
这里是洛杉矶 This is Los Angeles.
其深远历史出人意料 A place with a surprisingly deep past.
这座闪闪发亮的城市 This glittering city,
现在是诸多影星与亿万富翁的家 today the home of movie stars and billionaires
也同样是一个前往失落世界的通道 is also a portal to a lost world.
在这里我们能追溯过往 Here, we can step back in time
亲眼见证这种令人敬畏的生物 and meet this awesome creature face to face.
洛 杉 矶 四 万 年 前
刃齿虎 剑齿虎中的一种 Smilodon fatalis, a sabre-tooth cat,
正纵览它的领土 surveys her territory...
冰河世界的最佳狩猎场之一 some of the richest hunting grounds in the Ice Age world.
这些刃齿使人感到一种原始的畏惧 There's something primal and nightmarish about these teeth.
但它们究竟如何被利用可是个谜 But exactly how they were used has been a mystery.
你会不禁为这块神奇的头骨 You can't help but be impressed
和这些可怕的牙齿而倍感震撼 by this fantastic skull and these formidable teeth,
但这样的构造也给刃齿虎带来了一些问题 but this construction presented Smilodon with a problem.
这些牙齿如此细长 These teeth are so long and thin
它们实际上非常脆弱 that they're actually very vulnerable.
如果卡在了一只剧烈挣扎的 If they were to get stuck in the sinews or the bone
动物的肌腱或是骨骼中 of a violently struggling animal,
它们有被折断的危险 there's a real danger they could snap.
当今的巨型捕食者就没有这个难题 It's certainly not a problem faced by any large predator today.
在非洲平原上的大型猫科动物 The big cats of the African plains
会使它们的猎物窒息致死 kill large prey by suffocation.
若不是将其闷死 Either by smothering...
就是压断它们的气管 or by crushing the windpipe.
值得一提的是 狮子的犬齿 Remarkably, the canines of a lion
甚至都不刺破皮肉 rarely even break the skin.
但刃齿虎并不可能使用这种捕猎方法 But Smilodon could not have killed in this way.
布莱尔·范·瓦尔肯堡用了几十年 Blaire Van Valkenburgh has spent decades
试图解开这个谜团 puzzling it out.
她的证据指明了一种剑齿虎 Her evidence points to a method of killing
独有的捕猎方式 unique to sabre-tooth cats.
它们的牙齿被用来刺穿猎物 Their teeth were used for stabbing.
我们认为它们直接攻击喉部 What we think is that they went for the throat
布莱尔·范·瓦尔肯堡教授
加州大学洛杉矶分校
因为咽喉附近有许多组织 because there is a lot of structures in there
它们较为脆弱 比如气管 that make you quite vulnerable, such as your windpipe,
颈静脉或是颈动脉 or jugular vein or carotid arteries,
这些动脉都用于将血液输送至大脑 these mass of arteries that feed blood to the brain.
但布莱尔需要知道剑齿虎 But Blaire needed to figure out how a sabre-tooth cat
如何在不损伤牙齿的情况下完成致命一击 could safely deliver this stabbing death blow.
它的头骨与其他大型猫科动物有何区别呢 How does its skull compare with other big cats?
电脑断层扫描显示了刃齿虎的颞骨 A CT scan reveals that the temporal bone,
也就是下颚与脑壳连接之处 where the jaw joins the skull
异常厚实 is incredibly thick in a sabre-tooth cat,
刃齿虎
狮子
猎豹
比狮子或是猎豹都厚实得多 much thicker than in a lion or a cheetah.
这意味着它的啃咬具有令人胆寒的力量 That means a chillingly powerful bite
并且拥有巨大的颚肌 and massive jaw muscles.
为了给予致命一咬 To land that lethal bite,
它们的嘴能张开得非常大 their mouths could open wide,
比狮子大上整整一倍 twice as wide as any lion.
有了这对犬齿 它们能将上下颌合上 With those canines, they could drive these two things together
用力往后拉拽 and then pull backwards...
并撕扯下一大块血肉 and take out a large amount of flesh...
该猎物可能在几分钟内便流血致死 making the animal probably bleed to death within minutes.
这是一种极少动物能够防御的凶残手法 A brutal technique that few animals could defend against.
一匹美国马 An American horse.
要想将它撂倒 这只刃齿虎得迅猛行凶 To despatch it, this cat must go in hard and kill quickly.
在猎杀的那瞬间 It's at the moment of the kill
刃齿虎的牙处于最脆弱的状态 that the cat's teeth are at their most vulnerable.
保护它们的秘诀就来源于它的骨骼 The secret to protecting them lies in its bones.
通常除了拥有 Usually what we see in association with
这两根巨大犬齿之外 having big canine teeth like that
我们看到的这种剑齿虎 in these kinds of sabre-toothed species
还拥有肌肉发达的前肢 is their sort of over-muscled forelimbs.
它们非常健壮而沉重 就像摔跤选手一样 They have very heavy, strong forelimbs, like wrestlers.
它们的爪子也非常大 And pig paws, too.
爪子还配有上爪 Their paws are enlarged with big dewclaws here,
帮助它们捕获猎物并稳稳抓牢 and then they could grasp the prey and hold it steady,
一只爪子摁住脑袋 另一只摁住身体 hold one on you, a paw holding the head, one holding the body,
在恰当的部位给予致命一咬 and then apply this killing bite, just where they need to put it
进而将折断犬齿的风险降到最低 and thereby minimise the risk to themselves of breaking those teeth.
拥有这些异常强大的前肢 With these incredibly powerful forelimbs,
它会先将猎物撂倒 再用骇人的牙齿 it would pull down its prey before dispatching it
将其杀死 with these terrifying teeth.
刃齿虎集犬齿 猎杀技巧 Everything about a sabre-toothed cat, its teeth,
以及发达的肌肉于一身 its killing technique and its muscular body,
充分说明了 point to one thing
这种捕猎者生来就是为了捕杀大型猎物 this predator was designed to hunt large prey.
冰河时期 During the Ice Age,
剑齿虎在这整片大陆上繁荣昌盛 sabre-tooth cats flourished right across the continent.
所以美洲一定有充足的大型猎物 So America must have been full of large animals for them to hunt.
下一种巨兽也许不如剑齿虎有名 My next giant may not be as famous as its sabre-toothed predator
可对我来说 它们更加非比寻常 but for me, it's even more extraordinary.
它们栖息在美洲最壮观的地方 It inhabited the most spectacular part of America.
我正在大峡谷的沙漠里 I'm looking for Ice Age secrets in the desert landscape
探索冰河时期的秘密 of the Grand Canyon.
这种生物遗留下来的东西可比牙齿和骨头 This creature left behind something far more revealing
蕴藏更多信息 than just its teeth and bones.
它的巢穴 隐藏在这些 Hidden somewhere high up amongst these
高耸的崖壁上 towering walls and spires is its lair.
谢谢 Thank you!
沙斯塔地懒 Nothrotheriops shastensis - the Shasta ground sloth.
它们与灰熊一般大小 As large as a grizzly bear.
它利用脚掌侧面行走 She walks on the sides of her feet,
笨拙迟缓地吃着草 ponderous as she browses.
但它的爪子有18厘米长 But she has seven-inch-long claws.
对于剑齿虎来说都过于危险 Too dangerous - even for a sabre-tooth.
拥有如此庞大的身躯需要维持 With such a huge body to feed,
它生存在沙漠中着实是意料之外 she isn't really what you'd expect to find in a desert.
吉姆·米德是世界知名的地懒专家 Jim Mead is a world expert in ground sloths.
他将助我探寻它们的踪迹 He'll help me track it down.
在如今的大峡谷 Today, in the Grand Canyon,
多数植物不是有剧毒 a lot of the plants here are either poisonous
就是像泰迪熊仙人掌一样布满可怕的刺 or like this jumping cholla cactus, covered in vicious spines.
圆桶掌上这些恐怖的刺 The hideous spines of the barrel cactus
曾被阿兹特克人用来杀死祭品 were even used by the Aztecs for sacrificing victims.
地懒如何在这里生存的线索就在其巢穴中 A clue as to how the ground sloth survived here lies within its lair.
为了找到其巢穴 我们要重温它的旅程 To find it, we have to retrace the animal's journey,
一直追溯到巍峨的岩壁上 right up into the high canyon walls.
吉姆 快到了没 Are we nearly there yet, Jim?
还远着呢 A long way!
在眼睛适应了洞穴的昏暗后 As our eyes adjust to the gloom of the cave,
我不敢相信自己所见到的一切 I can't quite believe what I'm seeing.
吉姆 这是什么 是看起来的那个东西吗 So Jim - what is this, is this what it looks like?
这是一堆沙斯塔地懒的粪便 This is just a pile of dung of a Shasta ground sloth,
一种已经灭绝的冰河生物 an extinct animal of the Ice Age,
而这里我们有一整堆粪便 and we have a whole pile of it here.
我完全不敢相信 I just find it utterly unbelievable
这种古代生物的排泄物还在这里 that this ancient animal's faeces are still here.
看起来就像是新鲜的粪便 I mean, that looks like a piece of relatively fresh dung
被风干了一样 which has just been dried out.
这些粪便为什么没有被分解 Why on earth hasn't it rotted away?
吉姆·米德博士
东田纳西州立大学
这里没有水 洞穴十分干燥 There's no water. It's a totally dry cave.
没有水 And so without the water,
它就不会腐烂 you don't get the decay to mummify it.
粪便就被保存下来 并记录了 And it's preserved, and it's preserving
这种生物的独特信息 a very unique record of this animal.
你能清楚地看到里面的嫩枝 You can see all these definite twigs.
它消化不太好 It's not a good digester.
它消化不良 It's doing a very poor job of digesting,
对我们来说很好 因为会有信息留下 which is wonderful for us, cos here's the data.
能亲手拿着这种冰河巨兽的 It is incredible to be holding the remains of a meal,
饭后排泄物太神奇了 eaten by this giant animal, during the Ice Age.
根据粪便可知 地懒可选择的食物 The dung reveals that the sloth's menu
比现今的要丰富 was richer than what's on offer today.
那时刺柏和单叶灰树也在这里生长 There were also juniper and single-leaf ash trees growing here.
但对任何消化系统来说依旧是巨大的挑战 But it's still a big challenge for any digestive system.
地懒如何生存的线索 A clue as to how the ground sloth survived
可以通过其近亲找到 lies with its relatives -
那些没有灭绝的近亲 the ones that didn't go extinct.
树懒 A tree sloth.
它居住在南美雨林高高的林冠上 She lives high up in the canopy of the South American rainforest...
以难消化并有剧毒的树叶为食 dining on tough and toxic leaves.
消化这些树叶需要几周的时间 It will take her weeks to digest them,
获得的能量稀少而珍贵 and for precious little energy...
正因如此 它们行动极其缓慢 which is why sloths are so terribly slow.
冰河时期的地懒 The ground sloths of the Ice Age
同样适应了它们奇特的饮食 were adapted for their strange diets, too.
若能窥探地懒的内部结构 If you could peer inside a ground sloth,
你会看到一条巨大的发酵肠 you'd see a huge fermenting gut.
沙斯塔地懒基本上就是长着腿的肥料堆 A Shasta ground sloth was basically a compost heap on legs.
它几乎什么都可以消化 It could digest pretty much anything.
缺点就是和如今树懒一样缓慢的新陈代谢 The downside was a sluggish metabolism, just like sloths today.
不过地懒粪便不仅揭示了它们的食物 But the sloth's dung tells us a lot more than just what it ate.
还记录了一个物种在冰河时期 It's also a record of one species's struggle for survival
为生存而奋斗 during the Ice Age.
所以这些沉积物其实是排泄物吗 So, all of this that looks like sediment is in fact excrement?
都是粪便 干燥后保存下来的粪便 This is all dung, this is all dry preserved dung
你看到的是表面一层 and what you're seeing is the surface here,
大约两万年前的样子 it's probably dating on the neighbourhood of 20,000
这些不同的层 越往下 and you're seeing going back through time down into different layers,
年代就越久远 further and further.
除了地懒以外 显然还有 We've obviously got some other animals here
别的动物 as well as ground sloths,
因为里面有小的颗粒物 there are tiny little pellets here, too.
那些是什么 So what are those?
那是林鼠留下的 小型啮齿类动物 These little pellets would be pack rats, little rodents.
它们也在洞穴里面四处乱窜 They're also scurrying around in here.
是会掺杂一点它们的粪便 And yeah, we'll find a little bit of that.
不过这一堆排泄物 But most of this stuff,
大部分还是沙斯塔地懒的粪便吗 most of this material, that is still Shasta ground sloth dung?
99%是沙斯塔地懒的 99% is Shasta ground sloth right here.
有股刺激的气味 奇妙的是 这像酒一样 You get this pungent smell, and curiously, it's like a wine.
越醇香 年代就越久远 The sweeter it is, it's older.
这堆粪便很古老 凭气味就能判定 This is old. Just by the smell, it's old.
你有没有觉得粪便看多了或闻多了 Do you ever think you've seen or smelled too much dung?
没有 这些粪便太棒了 Never! This is wonderful.
洞穴的最深处 粪便堆成了堆 At the back of the cave, the dung really piles up.
在这里 保存了 And it's here that the beginning and the end
沙斯塔地懒故事的始末 of the Shasta ground sloth's story is written.
-我们进得越来越深 -是 - So this is where we're starting to get deeper and deeper. - Oh, yeah!
-年代越来越久远 -这里粪便真的是堆起来了 - More and more time. - It's really building up here.
对 都在这里 Yeah. It's all through here.
这就是我很想给你看的 Now this is the profile I really want to show you.
-这里已经非常深了 -对 - This is incredibly deep at this point. - Yeah.
几乎纯净的沙斯塔地懒粪便 What we have is a metre and a half
堆了有1.5米高 of almost pure Shasta ground sloth dung.
这一堆粪便的底部 If we look at the bottom of the unit,
大概是四万年前的 so we're looking at about, oh, say 40,000 years ago,
地懒粪便告诉我们 the sloth dung is kind of telling us
那时候大峡谷适宜生存 this is a good time to be in the Grand Canyon.
而到这里之后 Then when we get to this point right in here,
约2.3万年前 发生了什么 now we're at 23,000 years old and something is happening.
这里完全变掉了 Oh, so this has changed completely.
看到的全部是小的颗粒物 Now we're down into what looks like these little pellets.
又是林鼠吗 Is this the pack rats again?
都是林鼠的粪便和不同的植物 Yeah, all pack rat midden and different plants.
这个大约是1.6万年前 And then this is about 16,000 years old.
这些时间点非常重要 These dates are really significant
因为它们代表了最后一个冰河期的峰值 because this means we are looking at the peak of the last Ice Age
而因为某些原因 and it seems that for some reason,
在那个时候 地懒并不生存在这里 ground sloths aren't here at that time.
就是这样 That's precisely it,
冰河期到达峰值时发生了什么 something is going on during the full glacial.
当冰到达最大范围时 As the ice reached its maximum extent,
地懒放弃了大峡谷 ground sloths abandoned the Grand Canyon.
因为气候干燥 它们最爱的植物无法生长 It was too dry for their favourite plants.
温度骤降更是雪上加霜 And the drop in temperature didn't help.
地懒由于其缓慢的新陈代谢 Sloths, with their slow metabolism,
要保暖会非常困难 would have struggled to keep warm.
很容易想象冰河时期带来的混乱 It's easy to imagine chaos as the Ice Age really began to bite,
巨大的冰盖吞噬了半个大陆 with those giant ice sheets descending over half the continent.
虽然地懒的生活很艰难 But although the sloth suffered,
其它冰河巨兽却繁衍生息 other giants thrived during the Ice Age...
尤其是一种曾漫步在亚利桑那荒原上的巨兽 none more so than one that used to stalk the badlands of Arizona.
冰河时期 并非所有地方都寒冷干燥 Back in the Ice Age, not everywhere was cold and dry.
亚利桑那州的大片区域都被沼泽覆盖 Large swathes of Arizona were covered in swamp...
这里是一种冰川巨兽的家 home to an Ice Age giant
它也许是史上最奇异的哺乳动物了 that is possibly the weirdest mammal ever.
甚至让科学家们为其容貌争论不休 So weird that scientists can't even agree quite what it looked like.
来自亚利桑那自然历史博物馆的研究小队 A team from Arizona's Museum of Natural History
刚刚发现了令人印象深刻的新标本 has just found an impressive new specimen.
周围的土已被挖走 The surrounding soil has been dug away
裹在石膏中的生物即将被运走 and the creature, encased in plaster, ready to be moved.
戴夫·吉莱特对这些动物十分着迷 Dave Gillette is obsessed with these animals.
戴夫 它们是什么 Dave, what are these creatures?
它们是雕齿兽 These are animals called glyptodonts.
拥有极坚固的甲壳 They're known for their rigid shell.
它浑身都裹着石膏的样子看着怪怪的 It's quite strange looking at it like this, all covered in plaster.
里面的标本有多大 How big is the specimen inside that?
据我们所知 它几乎把所有的空间都占满了 Oh, it occupies almost the entire contents, as far as we can tell.
所以它是个庞然大物喽 So this is a large creature?
是的 而且是处于壳朝下 Yes, and it's an upside-down shell
肚子朝上的姿势 so that it's belly up, so to speak.
奇怪的是 戴夫发现的大部分雕齿兽 Strangely, most of the glyptodonts Dave has discovered
都呈现出四脚朝天的姿势 have been found upside down.
我等不及要看它的样子了 I can't wait to see what these creatures were like.
但首先 戴夫要想办法把这个家伙 But first, Dave must solve the puzzle of how to get this one
从地下搬上来 out of the ground.
太振奋人心了 This is all really exciting.
我们要移走这个A型支架 We're going to move the A-frame out of the way
然后雕齿兽就可以启程了 and the glytptodont can start its journey.
它在此沉睡了两百万年后 It's been here for two million years
又将展开新的旅程 and it's just about to go on its travels.
唯一支撑这个重达两吨的泥土和化石 The only thing holding this two-ton lump of
就是那层脆弱的石膏外壳 fossil and earth together is the fragile coat of plaster.
你觉得这个能承受其重量吗 Do you think that the weight is OK, just on these four-by-fours?
今天简直太嗨皮了 I feel like - oh, happy day!
再见 雕齿兽 Goodbye, glyptodont!
它将成为梅萨博物馆众多 This find will join the world's greatest collection of glyptodonts
雕齿兽标本中的一个 at the museum in Mesa.
戴夫将标本拼合在一起 使我们得以一览 Dave pieces together these specimens to get a better picture
这种神奇生物的面貌 of this bizarre creature.
太棒了戴夫 它们也是在亚利桑那发现的吗 Ah, Dave, these are fantastic! Are they all from Arizona as well?
它们全部来自我们刚刚结束挖掘的地区 These are all from same area where we just finished excavating.
戴夫·吉莱特博士
北亚历桑纳博物馆
这是它的前肢还是后足 Is this a hand or a foot we're looking at here?
这些应该是用于挖掘的前肢 These are probably digging feet.
我们认为雕齿兽有很强的挖掘能力 We think that glyptodonts had a very strong digging motion.
太棒了 这是什么 尾巴吗 That's wonderful. What's this - is this a tail?
是尾巴 This is a tail.
每根椎骨都有环形骨做保护 Each vertebra was protected by bony plates all the way around. Yeah.
事实上尾巴可以用做武器 And in fact the tail could be a weapon.
真是短小粗壮啊 It's incredibly chunky, isn't it?
很不可思议 It's amazing, yeah.
这是一根椎骨 太奇怪了 非常奇特 And this is a vertebra. This is really odd. It's so peculiar,
这里面有些构造我还是认识的 cos I'm seeing bits of anatomy that I kind of recognise
但似乎都扭曲变形了 but it all seems to be a bit twisted.
看上去很奇怪 It's all very strange-looking to me.
但它仍旧是哺乳动物 But it's still a mammal,
所以你还是可以辨认出它是一只哺乳动物 so you can still recognise it as a mammal,
虽然它长得很奇怪 even if it is strange.
长相诡异的哺乳动物 太诡异了 A very weird mammal. A very weird mammal.
将所有部分组合在一起 会得到什么呢 So put all the bits together, and what have you got?
被骨板覆盖的硬壳下是被软毛覆盖的腹部 A bony shell with a belly that was covered in soft fur.
一条盔甲似的尾巴和强劲的四肢 An armoured tail and formidable claws.
只差一个关键部位 Just one crucial bit missing.
这只雕齿兽的脸是什么样子的呢 What would the face of this glyptodont have looked like?
脸颊很厚 肉肉的 Well, the face would have been very cheeky, fat on the side.
长鼻从鼻骨延伸出来 The trunk would have extended from the nasal bones
大约有三十厘米或者更长一些 and extended for a foot or more.
它有长鼻子 It had a trunk?
我认为是的 关于这点有很多争议 I think it had a trunk. There's a lot of debate about that but
但我没有发现雕齿兽有其他摄食机制 I don't see any other feeding mechanism for glyptodonts.
你认为我们看到的这个骨骼分布 And do you think the bony that we can see here
应该起到支撑长鼻的作用吗 looks like it would have supported a trunk as well?
我认为是的 I think it does.
我发现前端向下突起的部分有肌肉痕 I see muscle scars on the front of these descending processes.
太棒了 这些肌肉在人脸上可以让我们微笑 That's great. I mean, those are muscles which - in us - make us smile.
没错 但长在雕齿兽的脸上 That's right. But in the glyptodont,
则是用来移动鼻子的 they're about moving its trunk around.
也许它们也能小笑一下 Well, maybe they could smile a little, too!
这是迄今为止我见过的最奇特的哺乳动物了 It's by far the oddest mammal I've ever seen.
仿佛是神话中的生物一般 More like some sort of mythological creature,
如同一只长着长鼻子的犰狳 like an enormous armadillo with a trunk!
甚至连其牙齿也与众不同 Even its teeth are peculiar.
看它的下颌 太不可思议了 Look at its jaw - that's wonderful!
确实不可思议 这是它的左下颌 This is spectacular. This is the left jaw,
这些是牙齿 and these are the teeth.
这里有八颗牙 You see, there are eight teeth -
全部都是臼齿 没有犬齿和门牙 all cheek teeth, no canines and no incisors.
是啊 Oh, right.
每颗牙都有三段裂痕 Yeah, and each tooth has three lobes.
你可以看到牙齿和牙脊上的凹槽 You can see there are grooves on the teeth and the ridges.
它们用这些牙吃什么呢 So what were they eating with these teeth?
它们吃溪边或者湖边一些柔软的植被 Well, they were eating soft vegetation around the streams and lakes.
这些奇特的圣诞树形牙齿 These strange Christmas-tree-shaped teeth
是用来咀嚼水生植物的 were made to chew on aquatic plants.
除了雕齿兽 戴夫还发现了其它神奇生物 Dave has found another unusual creature alongside the glyptodont.
水豚 The capybara...
这种巨型啮齿动物至今 A giant rodent that still lives
还生活在南美洲的热带沼泽中 in the tropical swamps of South America.
在冰河时期 And in the Ice Age,
它与雕齿兽共同生活在亚利桑那沼泽中 it shared the Arizonan swamp with glyptodonts.
那它们会游泳吗 So could they swim?
我敢肯定它们会 I'm sure they could swim.
它们会与别的雕齿兽 水豚 I'm sure they could swim with other glyptodonts and capybaras
和其它一些动物一同戏水 and other animals in the water.
和它的毛绒邻居不同 Unlike its furry neighbour,
雕齿兽对任何捕食者来说都是个挑战 this glyptodont is a challenge for any predator.
或许行动缓慢 却拥有坦克般的盔甲 Slow-moving perhaps, but armoured like a tank.
这是两只雄兽的对决 A stand-off between two males.
每只雄兽都拥有成吨的肌肉和坚硬的骨骼 Each one is a ton of muscle and solid bone.
战败的一方挣扎着翻过身来 Vanquished, the loser struggles to right himself.
如果雕齿兽在水中死去 If a glyptodont died in the water,
肿胀的尸体会腹部朝上 翻转过来 its bloated body would turn belly-up
最终沉入河床 and eventually sink down to the river bed...
这就解释了为何许多雕齿兽化石都是这个姿势 which could explain why so many are found upside down.
是什么将沙漠变成了沼泽呢 So what turned the deserts into swamp?
答案将涉及到大冰河时代对世界的影响 The answer lies with the impact the Great Ice Age had on the world.
在最后的250万年间 Over the last two and a half million years,
冰河期出现不止一次 而是大约二十次 there hasn't just been one Ice Age, but around 20 of them.
化石数量表明每当冰原面积增加时 Fossils reveal that every time the ice sheet grew,
亚利桑那沼泽面积扩大 磨齿兽数量增加 the Arizonan marshes expanded and the number of glyptodonts rose.
当冰原面积缩小时 其数量也随之递减 And when the ice shrank, their numbers fell.
三千米高的冰原就像一个巨大的山脉 The ice sheet was acting like a vast mountain range, two miles high,
劳伦太德冰盖
足以改变太平洋湿风的风向 big enough to divert moisture-laden Pacific winds,
湿风
使其南下 pushing them south...
将干燥的沙漠变成水草丰茂的湿地 watering the desert and turning it into a lush wetland paradise.
冰河期为整个大陆 Across the continent,
创造了一个新世界 供其他巨兽探索生存 the Ice Age created new worlds for other giants to exploit.
有一种巨兽更是受益匪浅 And there's one animal in particular that benefited.
它是冰河时期最大的生物 The greatest giant of them all.
旧金山北部的海岸平原上 Hidden in the sea mist, on a coastal plain
几块巨大的岩石耸立在海之迷雾中 just north of San Francisco, some large rocks stand tall...
这几位哨兵依旧保留着 sentinels that still bear witness
这种冰河巨兽的生存痕迹 to the wanderings of an Ice Age leviathan.
政府考古学家布瑞克·帕克曼数十年来 State archaeologist Breck Parkman has spent decades
将岩石的每一寸都做了详尽的检查 examining every square inch of these rocks.
-看这个 -散发着光亮 - Look at this. - It's polished.
-没错 -成因是什么呢 天气吗 - It is polished. - What do you think caused it - is it weathering?
不 我觉得这实际上是动物磨的 No, actually, I think this is all from animals.
全部都是动物磨亮的 Every bit of this is from animals.
大型哺乳动物经常需要挠痒 Large mammals often need a good scratch,
或许是想驱逐虱子这样的不速之客 perhaps to dislodge unwanted guests, like ticks.
布瑞克相信随着时间的推移 Breck believes that over a long period of time
动物们会把石头磨得光可鉴人 animals have polished these rocks to a shine.
你验证过这个猜想吗 Have you tested this hypothesis?
验证过 我们采集了被磨光的岩石样本 I have. We've worked in the lab, and we have taken samples of rocks
其中包括风蚀 水磨 that were known to be polished by wind and by water
布瑞克·帕克曼
加州州立公园
以及地表褶皱断裂造成的 但都不吻合 and by faulting and it doesn't compare.
关于这个问题 We've actually looked at
我们其实考虑了三四十种情况 something like three or four dozen other ideas,
有些想法非常大胆 some of which are crazy, you know -
比如我们比较了大型褐藻磨过的岩石 what happens when kelp moves against the rocks,
海鸟粪侵蚀过的岩石以及这种情况 what happens with guano on the rocks, and what happens here -
你必须去观察 如你今天这样观察 and you have to see it, though, and you're seeing it today -
才能发觉哪里被打磨了 you have to see it to see the selectivity.
要看看岩石哪里被磨光而哪里没有 Where is the polish and where isn't it?
岩石上的这些结块和悬突的地方 And it's these knobs and overhangs -
磨光面只到一定高度而没有再往上 it's up to a certain height and doesn't go higher.
一些岩石表面磨得像镜面一样光滑 Some surfaces have been worn mirror-smooth.
太神奇了 这有一大片都被磨光了 Oh, that's amazing. That's a massive area of polish.
但有一块磨光的岩石蕴含丰富的信息 But there's one very revealing bit of polishing.
来看看这块岩石 Wait until you see this rock!
这块岩石上能看到什么 So what have we got here?
更多被磨光的地方 Well, we have more polish.
但你看这块 看看它有多高 But look at this. Look at how high this polish is.
是啊 这么高应该不是绵羊 Oh, yeah! That's a bit too high for a sheep.
再看这里 这只是开始 And look at this. This is just the beginning.
磨光的地方一直往上直到我手杖这里 This polish goes right on up, right on up as high as I can reach.
这个高度差不多有四米 This is close to 14 feet here.
对马和牛来说也太高了对吧 Oh, so that's too high for a horse or a cow as well?
你就是让马站在牛身上 You can have a horse sitting on the shoulder of a cow
也够不到那个位置 and still not do that.
一般的家畜都没那么高 That's much too high for domestic livestock.
所以这一块被磨光是因为 So this is caused by an animal
一种已经在北美洲灭绝的动物 which no longer exists in North America.
是什么呢 So what is it?
我认为是猛犸象 I think it's mammoth.
而四米的高度实际上是比较大型的 And 14 feet is actually the shoulder height
哥伦比亚猛犸的肩部高度 of really large Columbian mammoth.
-太神奇了 -没错 - That's just fantastic! - Isn't it?
哥伦比亚猛犸和长毛象体型特征相同 A Columbian mammoth had the same characteristic shape
都有一个半球形的脑袋 as the woolly mammoth, with a domed head.
但哥伦比亚猛犸块头更大 皮肤很光秃 But a Columbian was much larger and virtually bald.
它的象牙非常漂亮 Its tusks were magnificent,
比大象的象牙长很多 much longer than an elephant's.
象群到达这个它们喜欢的中转站 The herd arrives at a favourite stop-over.
终于有机会好好把身上的寄生虫蹭一蹭了 A chance to exfoliate and scrape off some parasites.
在这些岩石中间 Amongst these rocks
你能感受到这些冰河巨兽的气息 you can feel the presence of those Ice Age beasts.
就好像猛犸的灵魂还萦绕在我们周围 It's almost as though the ghosts of the mammoth are still with us.
但是这些迁徙的哥伦比亚猛犸 But where were these migrating Columbian mammoths
究竟要去哪呢 actually going to?
它们肯定不是不远万里来挠痒痒的 Surely they didn't come all this way just for a scratch.
冰河时期又一次给出了答案 Once again, the Ice Age holds the answer.
随着越来越多的水结冰 海水变少 As more and more water froze, there was less to fill the oceans.
在上次冰河时期的顶峰 At the height of the last Ice Age,
全球的海平面要比现在 the global sea level would have been
低120米 120 metres lower than it is today.
所以在北加利福尼亚的海岸 So here on the coast of Northern California,
陆地几乎是一直向地平线延伸 the land would have extended out, almost to the horizon.
旧金山巨大的海湾变成了广阔葱郁的山谷 The great bay of San Francisco became a vast, verdant valley.
从金门海峡 陆地向海面延伸了42千米 From the Golden Gate, the land stretched 26 miles out to sea.
如今矗立在海岸边的一块孤石 What is now a lonely coastal outcrop, back then,
当时可能就是迷失之地的一块里程碑 was a milestone in a lost land.
哥伦比亚猛犸身上 The Columbian mammoths themselves
也蕴藏着有关这片土地的线索 contain clues as to what this place was like.
它们的牙齿就像石磨 Their teeth are like millstones,
每周能够咀嚼两顿青草 perfect for grinding up two tons of grass every week!
这片土地就是辽阔的大草原 This land was a vast prairie.
如今 几乎所有猛犸经过的海边草地 Today, nearly all of the mammoth's coastal grassland
都已经淹没在大海中 lies beneath the waves.
但还有一块保留了下来 But there is one fragment left.
这就是雷耶斯角 This is Point Reyes
这里就是当时广袤的海边大草原中 and it is a tiny fragment of
留存下来的一部分 what was once a vast coastal prairie.
这种植物和当时 This vegetation is perhaps the closest that we can get
海边草原上的植物最为相近 to what was out there on the coastal plains.
这是丛生禾草 它的生命力非常顽强 This is bunch grass and it's incredibly tough stuff.
它茂密地生长着 在被啃掉后 It positively thrives on being grazed right down to the ground
又会重新发芽生长 and then it sprouts back again.
在草丛中 我们看到这些漂亮的野花 And amongst the grasses, we've got beautiful wild flowers.
这些是鸢尾花和金凤花 There are irises and buttercups amongst them.
它们看起来非常美丽却很难吃 They look fantastic but they taste horrible.
而这就是它们防止被吃掉的方法 And that is an adaptation against being grazed.
现在我们看到的是一片草木茂盛的景象 So what we've got here is a heavily grazed landscape.
当今 食草动物是牛 Today, the grazer is the cattle.
而在冰河时期 则是饥饿的大型草食动物 Back in the Ice Age, it was the hungry mega-herbivores -
马 古风野牛和猛犸象 the horse, the bison and the mammoth.
只有一种冰河时期的食草动物生存与此 Just one Ice Age grazer survives here -
那就是加利福尼亚马鹿 the tule elk.
若不是因为一项伟大的发现 Such fleeting glimpses of the Ice Age
这样的惊鸿一瞥可能就是 might have been all we had,
我们对冰河时期的所有了解 were it not for one truly amazing discovery...
因为此发现 我们能重塑冰河时期的美洲 one which means we can rebuild Ice Age America
连同生活在其上的大大小小的生物 with all of its creatures - great and small!
我要回到南部 I need to return south.
这里非常的奇特 似乎有一条小路 This is just so strange. There seems to be a road
从山上倾泻下来 这是沥青 pouring down the side of this hill, and this is asphalt,
但它是天然沥青 在其顶部 but it's natural asphalt and at the top of it,
我希望能发现一些从地面冒出的粘稠沥青 I'm hoping to find some sticky tar coming up out of the ground.
这里看起来更有感觉 Now this looks a bit more like it.
我可不想踩上去 I don't really want to step down here
因为我怀疑这里会非常粘 because I suspect that this could be quite sticky,
我们用棍子捅一下试试 so let's prod it and see.
果然是 Yeah, look at that.
这里冒出了一些粘稠的沥青 We've got some lovely, sticky tar coming up there.
天然的沥青或焦油和重质原油非常相似 Natural asphalt or tar is very similar to heavy crude oil.
在加利福尼亚的一些地方 In parts of California,
它们从地面的裂缝中涌出 it wells up through cracks in the earth.
丰富的储量推动了加利福尼亚的石油繁荣 Deposits like this drove California's oil boom.
但是在1913年 But in 1913,
在兰乔·拉·布雷钻探的工人们 workers at the Rancho La Brea drilling site
发现了他们意想不到的东西 discovered more than they bargained for -
成千上万的化石 thousands of fossils.
灭绝的庞然大物在冰河时期被困在焦油中 Extinct giants that had become trapped in the tar during the Ice Age.
兰乔·拉·布雷成为享誉世界的 Rancho La Brea became the most sensational
冰河时期化石发现地 Ice Age fossil site in the world.
现在仍有重要的新发现 And important new discoveries are still being made.
这个地下室里保存了超过三百万个标本 In the vaults, there are over three million specimens,
来自六百多个不同物种 representing more than 600 different species -
其中就有这期节目的主角 including the star of the show.
这里有成百上千个 There are hundreds of sabre-tooth cats - Smilodons -
刃齿虎标本 in this collection.
事实上 我们走过的这条通道两旁 In fact, as we walk down this corridor,
也就是我的左右两边 everything down here on my left and my right -
以及视线可及范围内都是刃齿虎标本 it's all Smilodon as far as the eye can see.
刃齿虎 刃齿虎 还是刃齿虎 Smilodon, Smilodon, Smilodon,
一直到这条通道尽头 all the way to the end of this corridor.
然后转过来我们就到了食草动物标本区 And then we turn around and we're into herbivore alley.
首先是牛科两个物种 这个是古风野牛 We start with two species of bovid. This is Bison antiquus
然后右边这里是马科 and then on the right here, we are into equus - horses.
拉·布雷这里有两种马科动物 We have two species of horse at La Brea.
这里是西部马 Here is the Western Horse.
这些是它的趾骨 蹄子就长在上面 And these are its toe-bones which bore the hooves.
然后这里是三种树懒 And then we have three species of sloth.
这些可能是在拉·布雷的收藏中 And these are perhaps my favourite species of animal actually
除了剑齿虎之外我第二喜欢的 at La Brea after the sabre-tooth cats.
这条通道的尽头就是 And right towards the end of this corridor we are going to find
副磨齿兽也叫哈伦地獭 在这儿 Paramylodon, or Harlan's ground sloth. Here it is.
这些是它的指骨 想象一下它的爪子 And these are its finger bones. Just imagine the claws
从这里延伸出来 非常可怕 that then extended from them, quite formidable.
这里还有骆驼家族的两个物种 And we've got two species of the camel family.
在这就是昔日骆驼的颈椎骨 Over here, these are the neck vertebrae of Yesterday's Camel.
这里保存的化石数量惊人 And that's quite impressive
而且我们还没有介绍到鼬科的四个物种 but we haven't got onto the four species of mustelid -
也就是鼬和獾 还有三种兔子 that's weasels and badgers, and the three species of rabbit,
两种鹿 两种羚羊 the two species of deer, two species of antelope,
两种大象 一种貘和一种野猪 two species of elephant, one of tapir and one of peccaries.
这还没算上小型的哺乳动物 And that's not even counting the small mammals.
每个生物都为冰河时期 Each creature is helping to populate
空旷的大陆增添了生机 that empty Ice Age landscape.
焦油为我们带来了 And the tar keeps on revealing more
更多关于剑齿虎的资料 about the land of the sabre-tooth cat.
几年前 在焦油区旁边的艺术馆 A few years ago, the museum of Art over there next to the tar pits
计划要建一个地下停车场 decided it wanted an underground car park,
但是因为是焦油区 but there are tar pits over there as well.
所以他们请来了古生物学家 So the palaeontologists were called in,
他们并没有仓促地进行发掘 and rather than rush through an excavation there and then,
而是把沉淀物分块 they took the sediment out en bloc,
装到这些巨大的木箱中运了回来 and brought it back over here in these massive wooden crates
然后现在再一箱一箱慢慢发掘 and now they're carefully excavating each one of them.
项目23 挖掘中 谢绝参观
比起考古现场 这里更像拖车停车场 The place feels more like a trailer park than a palaeontological dig!
每一箱都会由一名古生物学家 Each box is excavated, grain by grain,
进行小心的发掘 by its own resident palaeontologist.
-劳拉 -你好 - Laura. - Oh, hi.
-你好 -你好 - Hello. - Hi.
欢迎来到一号箱 Welcome to box one!
劳拉已经在这里一年了 Laura has been here for nearly a year.
现在是在发掘什么 真是一大堆的骨头 What are you actually excavating here? It's a real mass of bones.
劳拉·图克斯伯里
乔治·C·佩奇博物馆
确实有很多 It really, really is.
现在来说都还是一团乱 It's just a kind of a tangled mess at this point.
但这里有幼年野牛的上颌骨 脸的前端 Um, but I've got baby bison, maxilla, so, front of his face.
是这块 你能看到它下面的牙齿 This one here, you can see his teeth down there.
还是通过牙齿 我还辨认出了冰原狼 下颚 And from more teeth, I got dire wolf, lower jaw.
目前为止 她已经发掘了两米的沉积物 So far, she's got through two metres of bone deposits.
这项工作很辛苦而且需要耐心和细心 It's painstaking work.
但是很有趣 就像寻宝游戏一样 But it's fun! I get to dig for buried treasure for my job.
这个项目 项目23 This whole project, Project 23-
你觉得至今什么事 what's the most exciting thing
最让你感到激动 that's emerged from it so far, do you think?
一号箱带给了我最大的欢乐 One of my favourite things anyway is from box 1.
我们有 We have...
我们发掘出了一个剑齿虎家庭 还取了昵称 we kind of nicknamed our own entire family of sabre-tooth cats.
就仅仅从这一箱沉积物 So far, just from this one deposit right here,
我们就至少发现了三只成年 we have at least three adults,
三只青年 three sub-adults - teenagers,
和四只幼年剑齿虎 and four separate sabre-tooth kittens.
小剑齿虎吗 幼年剑齿虎 Kittens? Sabre-tooth kittens!
就像你看到的 很神奇吧 Like you can see right here. I know!
这是一只幼年剑齿虎 Let's see, I have sabre-tooth kitten.
尺骨 那是前臂骨之一 Ulna. So that's one of the forearm bones.
这里还有更多的幼年剑齿虎 这是胸椎 We've got more sabre-tooth kitten, we have a thoracic vertebrae.
它背部的中间 Middle of his back.
这里是骨盆的一边 And let's see, just over here, that's half from the pelvis.
这是一只成年剑齿虎的骸骨 This one's from an adult sabre-tooth cat.
我有一次一天内就连续发现了 In fact, there's this one day that I actually found
来自三只不同的幼年剑齿虎的剑齿 three separate sabre-tooth kitten sabres all in one day.
绝对是我在这里最喜欢的一天 I must admit, that's probably one of my favourite days here.
拉·布雷的剑齿虎专家克里斯·肖 The kittens' remains are being scrutinized
负责对骨骸的检查与研究 by La Brea sabre-tooth cat expert Chris Shaw.
这些是我们从这个项目中 These are the most recent sabre-tooth cat bones
最新发掘出的剑齿虎骨骸 that we have gotten from their project here.
这些骨骼太不可思议了 And these kittens are fantastic.
克里斯托弗·A·肖
乔治·C·佩奇博物馆
这里有幼年剑齿虎的小乳牙 We've got their little milk teeth, sabres.
-我能拿一个看看吗 -没问题 - Can I pick that one up? - Yes, you may.
-谢谢 -这些都是真的 - Thank you. - These are the real thing.
你会注意到 And you'll notice, too -
如果你把手指沿着这个边摸 if you rub your finger along the edge of that,
会发现它的边上有锯齿而且非常锋利 it's actually serrated and very sharp.
-就像一把刀 -是的 - That's like a knife blade. - Exactly.
它们已经能像成年剑齿虎的一样刺穿皮肤了 These animals could puncture skin much like the adults.
你能感觉到锯齿 但却看不清楚 You can feel those...I can barely see those serrations,
非常的小 是吧 they're really tiny, aren't they?
但我的手指告诉我上面有锯齿 But I can certainly feel them, rubbing my finger along it.
没错 而且生来就有 Yes. And these teeth grow in,
它们一出生就有剑齿了 and were actually erupted at the time of birth.
但它们在这个阶段应该不是用来杀戮的 It's unlikely that the kittens used their sabre teeth to kill.
它们的剑齿就像牛排刀 Their serrated teeth were like steak knives,
很适合用来切割妈妈捕获的食物 ideal for scavenging after Mum had made the kill.
这么多的标本使科学家 The sheer number of specimens here gives scientists
不仅可以了解这种灭绝动物的身体结构 the chance to understand not only the anatomy,
还能了解它们的生活习性 but the behaviour of these extinct cats.
其中一个特别的发现 And one find, in particular,
改变了我们对于剑齿虎生活习性的了解 is transforming our understanding of how sabre-tooth cats behaved.
这是一块受损的骨盆 It's a disfigured pelvis,
在这块骨盆上出现了一种 one that shows signs of a condition
我在人类骨骼上也看过的情况 that I've seen before - in humans.
这是我最喜欢的标本之一 This is one of my favourite specimens.
受过很严重的伤而且伴随严重的感染 What you have is a very, very nasty injury,
才会呈现出这种情况 and a massive, massive infection.
我看到的时候就想说 This...I was going to say,
这看起来像是脓毒性关节炎 this looks to me like septic arthritis.
就像是关节受到损伤时 This looks like the type of bone growth
骨骼的生长 that you get around a joint which has become infected.
完全正确 股骨本身 It's exactly that. And the femur itself,
已经磨损到极点了 the thigh bone, is really, really worn down.
这真是太震撼了 That's just quite shocking.
这只动物一定是瘸的 I mean, this would have been an animal which was limping.
它一定没有办法去追捕猎物 This animal wouldn't have been able to run after prey,
而从这块标本上可以看出 and yet we can say, looking at this,
-这种情况持续了很久 -是的 - this has been a long-standing condition. - Absolutely.
从这些骨骼成长的情况来看 For all of this bone to have grown to this extent,
这只剑齿虎在受伤后 this animal has survived for months
还活了好几个月 甚至好几年 and possibly even years with this going on.
完全正确 这是我认为 That's absolutely correct and that's the premise of my idea,
它们是群居动物的依据 that these animals were in fact social animals.
因为其他成员 That would enable this animal to survive
会分享捕获的猎物给它 because the rest of the group would bring in the food
它才有可能生存那么长的时间 and nurture this animal by letting it feed at kills.
所以剑齿虎不光有匕首般的牙齿 So not only did this giant cat possess daggers for teeth,
还极有可能集体捕猎 就像现在的狮子 it's likely that it hunted in groups, much like lions today.
剑齿虎绝对是可怕极了 Sabre-tooth cats must have been utterly terrifying.
一群哥伦比亚猛犸 A herd of Columbian mammoths
从海岸一边开始了每年一度的迁徙 is making its annual migration from the coast.
一只年轻的雄性猛犸和象群走散了 A young male wanders away from the herd...
跑进了一群剑齿虎的狩猎范围内 straight into the path of a pack of sabre-tooth cats.
但焦油让它们无法逃脱 But the tar makes it impossible for them to escape.
这是它们的最后一餐 This is their last meal.
焦油保留了冰河巨兽这段戏剧性的故事 The tar has preserved dramatic stories of Ice Age giants.
同时还保留了它们生活环境的线索 But it also holds clues to the world they lived in.
除了这些巨兽的骸骨还有小生物的骸骨 Hidden amongst the giant bones are much smaller ones.
而就是这些微型化石能告诉我们 And it's these microfossils that can tell us just why this place
这个地方适合剑齿虎狩猎的原因 was such a happy hunting ground for sabre-tooth cats.
像蜗牛一类的小生物对气候非常敏感 Tiny animals like snails and beetles are very sensitive to climate.
所以这些物种最能体现出 So these species are the best indicators
逝去的冰河时期真正的环境 of what the lost Ice Age environment was really like.
我们发现在冰河时期 南加州这个地区 What we find is that this area of Southern California was in fact
比现在更凉爽 潮湿而且苍翠繁茂 cooler and wetter and more lush.
一块美丽的 温暖的森林大草原 A beautiful, temperate parkland of open areas and woods,
居住着这些令人惊叹的动物 populated by these magnificent animals.
在美洲 冰河时期是巨型动物的全盛期 For America, the Ice Age was actually the golden age of megafauna.
但同时 在北半球的其他地方 But meanwhile, in the rest of the northern hemisphere,
冰盖带来了完全不同的影响 the ice sheets were going to have a very different impact.
面临苦战的冰河巨兽 The most bitter struggle that the Ice Age animals would face
并不在北美洲 was not in North America but here,
而是在大西洋另一边 on the other side of the Atlantic
在欧洲和西伯利亚的山脉以及平原间 in the mountains and plains of Europe and Siberia.
在这里 冰河强势出击 Here, the Ice Age hit with brutal force.
下一期节目 我见证了生存的斗争 Next time, I witness the struggle to survive.
在特兰西瓦尼亚的洞穴深处 Deep within a cave in Transylvania,
可怕的残骸讲述了一场血腥的生死决斗 grisly remains tell of a spectacular fight to the death.
还有长毛象面对狡猾的新掠食者 And the woolly mammoth faces its own battle for survival
要为自己的生存而战 against a new and cunning predator.