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翻译: 沙沙A 校对: 潇湘月影
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时间轴: 三水 后期: 鱼骨头 总监: 饺子
《造物小百科》第十四季第十集
本期《造物小百科》为您呈现 Today on "How It's Made":
飞钓轮 Fly fishing reels.
房屋涂料 House paint.
织布机 Weaving looms.
以及制冰机 And ice makers.
渔轮起源于12世纪的中国 Fishing reels date back to 12th-century China.
起初 其用途十分简单 In the beginning, they were very basic devices
仅用于储存多余的渔线 used only for storing extra line.
但到了19世纪 But by the 1800s,
英美的工匠将其改造 craftsman in Britain and America reinvented the reel
添加了曳力装置 when they gave it a drag system
用来钓起挣扎不休的鱼 for landing feisty fish.
这些飞钓爱好者随时都可能钓到大鱼 These flycasters could hook the big one at any moment,
这时精密的飞钓轮就派上用场了 and that's when a precision fishing reel will come in handy.
制作飞钓轮 To make a fly-fishing reel,
首先需要一只铝制圆盘 they start with a solid aluminum puck.
车床上由计算机控制的切割机 The puck turns on a lathe as a computerized cutter
将其外形切削成线轴状 contours it to shape it into a spool.
另一工具在中央凿孔 A different tool machines a center hole.
接着进行另一边的制作 The focus then moves to the other side
由另一工具使线轴成形 as another tool completes the spool shape.
尺寸必须精准 The dimensions must be exact
飞钓轮才能完美运作 if this fishing reel is to perform flawlessly.
凿孔既减轻了线轴的重量 They drill holes to both reduce the weight of the spool
也让湿渔线得到良好通风 and provide some ventilation for wet fishing line.
在另一侧开孔 They cut windows into the other side
美化外观同时使其更为轻巧 for an attractive look that further lightens the reel.
随后 另一铝盘被制成外框 Next, another aluminum puck is transformed into a frame
用于线轴和其他部件之上 for the spool and other parts.
用肥皂水和小塑料块 The frame goes into a bath of soapy water and plastic pellets,
将部件洗刷干净 which rub the part clean.
最后使其氧化变黑 The final touch is a black oxide finish.
将这根铝棒制成英尺长的小段 They now transform this aluminum bar into feet,
作为渔轮和钓竿连接的支架 which will be used to mount the reel to the fishing rod.
用激光将公司名称刻在这些部件上 A laser engraves the company name onto these attachments.
外框的刻字也可按需定做 It also does a bit of custom engraving on the frame.
工人将一枚青铜衬套插入线轴中央 A worker now inserts a bronze bushing into the center of the spool
用液压压紧 and uses hydraulic force to entrench it.
随后将一颗不锈钢球 He then positions a stainless steel ball
放于衬套顶端 on top of the bushing.
机器压着钢球穿过铜衬套 He activates a press that drives the ball through it
使其内径扩大至所需大小 to expand the bushing to the correct internal dimension.
下一名工人把砝码 Another worker applies a counterweight
放在线轴的一侧 to one side of the spool.
这块不锈钢砝码 This bit of stainless steel
能平衡线轴手柄的重量 will offset the weight of the spool handle.
她开始安装线轴的磁锁系统 She installs the spool's magnetic locking mechanism.
这个由高聚物材料铸模成型的零件中 This molded polymer part
装有小磁铁 has a tiny magnet inside.
再安装另一块磁铁 She applies a second magnet to it,
然后安装逆止开关 followed by a release button.
最后安上磁铁和铝盖 One final magnet and an aluminum cap,
安装就完成了 and this assembly is complete.
然后安装曳力装置的一部分 She now installs part of the drag-engagement system.
这一装置能在钓大鱼时 It's this system that will create the necessary resistance
提供必要的出线阻力 on the fishing line for battling a big fish.
她在螺丝上涂上黏合剂 She applies adhesive to screws,
然后用它将底座和飞钓轮外框连接起来 and then uses them to attach the footing to the fly-reel frame,
并用螺丝刀拧紧 using a screwdriver to set it to a specific torque.
接着 继续组装曳力装置 She then resumes the assembly of the drag system
将圆形橡胶圈置于外框中央的凹槽上 by placing a rubber "O" ring in the frame's center groove.
安装上推力轴承环 She installs the thrust-bearing ring,
飞钓者可以通过旋转轴承 which can be rotated by the fly-fisher
调整曳力装置 to adjust the drag setting.
现在可以将线轴安到飞钓轮外框上了 And it's now time to attach the spool to the fishing-reel frame.
转动几圈检查曳力装置 She turns it to check the drag setting
并调整至起始状态 and adjusts it to its starting point.
将金属栓塞进轴承 She secures the setting
用以固定曳力装置 by inserting a pin into the bearing.
随后将中央的固定螺丝暂时卸下 Then she removes the center locking screw temporarily
将旋钮基座安装在推力轴承上 to assemble the knob base to the thrust bearing.
把螺丝重新装好 She reinstalls the screw
最后盖上曳力旋钮 and covers the assembly with the drag knob.
转动线轴进行最后的检查 She turns the spool for a final inspection,
确保飞钓轮转动顺畅 confirming that this fishing reel operates smoothly.
现在 万事俱备 And now it's ready to put a positive spin
可以出发去钓鱼了 on any fishing experience.
造物小百科
一层新刷的乳胶漆 A fresh coat of latex paint
定能使你的家焕然一新 is a surefire way to spruce up a home.
乳胶指丙烯基或乙烯基树脂 Latex is a term for acrylic or vinyl resins.
乳胶漆是水分散性涂料 Latex paint is water-based,
因此没有碱性漆强烈的气味 so it has less odor than alkaline paint.
同时不需强效溶剂就能清洗 It also cleans up without any harsh solvents.
只需要肥皂和清水 All you need is soap and water.
漆厂生产的是无色底漆 The paint factory produces an uncolored base.
商家会按顾客要求 The store then tints that base
将底漆染上颜色 to the color ordered by the customer.
乳胶漆含水 Latex paint contains water,
作为粘合剂的乳胶 latex for adhesion,
二氧化钛 titanium dioxide,
碳酸钙 calcium carbonate,
钾 potassium,
用于防霉的锌 zinc for mildew resistance,
以及其他添加剂 and whatever additives
按不同涂料的需要添加 the particular type of paint requires.
例如 若是用于金属的刷涂 For example, if it's paint designed for metal,
需要加入防锈剂 a rust inhibitor.
将水注入一个大型搅拌缸 They pump the water into a large mixing tank.
然后加入粘稠剂和稳定剂 Then they add a thickening agent and stabilizer
以防配料沉在缸底 to prevent the ingredients from settling to the bottom of the tank
还能防止其装罐后沉在罐底 and to the bottom of the can once the paint is packaged.
真空管道将废料吸走 A vacuum duct sucks up the waste.
将除乳胶外的原料逐个倒入 One at a time, all the ingredients except the latex go in.
每种原料倒入后都需一定时间搅拌 There's a specific mixing time after each ingredient
因为适度搅拌对提高产品质量至关重要 because proper blending is critical for quality.
接着 将缸内的溶液 Now they pump the tank's contents
注入另一个装有乳胶的搅拌缸 into another mixing tank that contains the latex.
经过4至6小时的搅拌 After four to six hours of blending,
批量生产的一批底漆制作完成 the industrial-sized batch of paint base is finally ready.
工厂从每批底漆抽取样品 The factory subjects a sample from every batch
进行数项质量检测 to extensive quality-control testing.
这只黏度计测量底漆的黏度 This viscometer measures the thickness of the paint.
这一步检测固态成分 This test assesses how well the dry ingredients
在混合物中的均匀程度 have dispersed within the mix.
以此判断搅拌是否充分 This tells them whether the mix is blended well enough
能否进入下一步同乳胶混合 to move into the second tank containing the latex.
技工还会进行颜色测试 Technicians also conduct color tests,
向一加仑的样本中加入液体着色剂 adding recipes of liquid colorants to a gallon sample.
这是为了保证 This is to ensure the shade
色彩的浓度恰到好处 comes out exactly the way it's supposed to.
为了检测乳胶漆的涂刷效果 To check if the paint covers well,
他们将其刷在测试纸上 they brush it onto test paper.
纸上的条纹与之形成对比 The stripes provide a contrast
于是油漆内任何瑕疵 so that any defects in the paint,
例如气泡或颗粒都会显现 such as foam or grit, will show.
这一测试检验着色强度 This test evaluates tint strength.
待乳胶漆样品变干 Once the paint sample dries,
用分光光度计 they analyze its color properties
分析它的颜色特征 with a machine called a spectrophotometer.
当该批油漆通过检测 Once the batch passes inspection,
便进入包装流程 it proceeds to packaging.
乳胶漆内含60%的水 会腐蚀金属 Latex paint contains about 60% water, which corrodes metal,
因此钢罐的内层被涂上防锈涂层 so the steel cans are lined with an anti-rust coating.
钢罐滚过上胶器 The cans run over a glue applicator,
然后滚过标签 随即粘牢 then over a label, which instantly sticks to the adhesive.
下一步是灌装机 The next stop is a filling machine.
每个罐子都置于 Each can sits on a scale
分配器喷嘴下方的量称上 that's positioned under a dispensing nozzle.
当量称检测到正确的净重 Once the scale detects the correct net weight,
喷嘴会停止灌装 it triggers the nozzle to stop.
从灌装机来到顶盖分配器 From the filling machine to a lid dispenser
该机器在每个钢罐上放上顶盖 that drops a cover onto each can.
随后进入顶盖推压器 Then it's on to what's called a lid press.
每个钢罐从它下面经过 As each can passes underneath,
一排滚轮逐渐将顶盖压紧 a row of cylinders gradually presses in the lid.
下一个机器 打包机 The next machine, called a baler,
为其安装上钢丝制成的拱形提手 attaches a curved handle made of steel wire.
它将提手的两端 It locks the handle ends
分别扣进钢罐两边的金属碟内 into metal disks on both sides of the can.
乳胶漆厂应用不同的配方 The factory varies its formulations
制造出平光到高光各不相同的乳胶漆 to produce paint in lusters ranging from flat to high gloss
针对内墙和外墙也有不同种类的涂漆 and for interior and exterior use,
以满足各种需求 making sure it's got every possible application covered.
造物小百科
用来织布的织布机 Looms for handweaving cloth
随着时代的发展 做工越来越精细 have become increasingly sophisticated over time.
但基本原理并没有变 But the basic concept still remains the same --
将水平纱线 即纬纱 Weaving horizontal threads, called weft threads,
穿过垂直纱线 即经纱 through vertical threads, called warp threads,
织成布上的图案 to create the patterns in the cloth.
织布机把部分经纱抬起 The loom lifts selected warp threads.
织工将纬纱从经纱间穿过 The weaver passes the weft thread between the warp threads,
随后用压线器将纬纱压紧 then uses a beater to pack the weft tightly.
织布机的机架由白蜡木制成 They construct the loom's frame out of ash,
它的强韧程度能承受 which is strong enough to withstand the pulling
上千条纱线的拉力 of up to thousands of threads.
工人把机架部件浸入矿物油 Workers submerge the frame pieces in mineral oil
以防木头变干 to prevent the wood from drying out.
他们用重型螺栓拼接起机架部件 They assemble the frame pieces with heavy-duty nuts and bolts,
再安装高强度塑料托槽 then mount high-strength plastic brackets
用来连接各种部件 for attaching the various components,
例如卷布轴 such as the cloth beam
它被用来卷取织好的布料 that grabs and moves the finished cloth.
将砂纸包裹在卷布轴的黏性表面 They wrap sandpaper around the beam's adhesive surface
这样卷取时不会损坏布料 to grab the cloth without damaging it.
另一边 工人用高强度不锈钢材料 Elsewhere, workers make the loom's cables
制作出织布机的缆绳 out of high-strength stainless steel.
这些缆绳巧妙地控制着 These cables maneuver harnesses
经纱的上下移动 that lift and lower the warp threads.
把缆绳切割成一定长度后 After cutting each cable to length,
将其穿过压线夹绕成线圈 she forms a loop through a cable crimp.
随后用重型压线钳锁紧 Then she locks the loop with this heavy-duty crimping tool.
在机架的其中一个部件上 On one of the frame pieces,
钉上印有织布机型号和序列号的金属牌 they mount a metal plate bearing the loom's model and serial numbers.
接着组装控制缆绳运行的滑轮系统 They assemble the pulley system on which the harness cables run.
将塑料滑轮穿进钢轴 They thread the plastic pulleys onto a steel axle
再用钢制止动环将其固定 and position the axle with steel disks called stop collars.
弹簧杆帮助缆绳抬起相应的经纱 A spring lever helps each harness lift its respective warp thread.
在每条杆上敲进短钉后 After hammering a pin into each lever,
在短钉上勾一根金属线 they hook a wire to the pin,
再将金属线钳紧以防脱落 then squeeze the wire closed so that it can't unhook.
将链条装在弹簧杆一侧的小孔上 They attach a chain to an eyelet on one side of the spring lever.
通过调整链条的长短 Shortening or lengthening this chain
便可调整缆绳的张力 adjusts the tension of the harness.
同滑轮一样 Like the pulleys,
弹簧杆也被穿进织布机架上的钢轴 the spring levers go onto an axle across the loom's frame.
另一部件 称为经轴 Another loom component, called the warp beam,
上有小孔用来安装金属线箍 has holes which hold metal hoops
以缠绕经纱 that guide the warp threads.
侧面的制动鼓提供反向力 A brake drum on the side provides counterforce
使纱线保持紧绷 to keep the threads taut.
工人在织布机前部安上踏板 At the front of the loom, they install foot pedals called treadles.
织工用它控制经纱的升降 The weaver uses them to lift and lower the warp threads.
接着是压线器 Next comes the beater,
织工用它把纬纱压进布匹中 which the weaver uses to pack the weft thread into the fabric.
牵拉缆绳的滑轮系统被安在顶部 The pulley system for the harness cables goes on top.
这个计算机控制装置叫做多臂机 This computer-controlled device, called a dobby head,
它能根据已编好的织布程序 lifts and lowers the warp threads
操控经纱的上下移动 according to the programmed weaving pattern.
每条缆绳都与多臂机钩连 Each harness cable hooks onto the dobby head,
绕过一个滑轮 goes around one of the pulleys,
再接到纱线一端的钩子上 and attaches to a hook on the harness.
每台多臂机都要在测试纺织机上进行检测 The factory checks every dobby head on a test loom
以确保它能正确输出编入的纺织图案 to ensure the device outputs the programmed patterns correctly.
接着 工人安装弹簧杆 Next, workers install the spring levers
它能协助缆绳抬起经纱 that help the harness lift the warp threads.
每条杆上钩一个弹簧 Each lever hooks onto a spring,
弹簧连接链条 which attaches to a chain,
链条连接缆绳 which connects to a harness.
将经轴装在织布机后部 They install the warp beam at the back of the loom.
织工把线箍和经纱装在经轴上 The weaver installs the hoops and warp threads on the warp beam.
机器织布的同时 As the loom weaves,
卷布轴慢慢地把织出的布料向前卷动 the cloth beam gently moves the emerging fabric forward.
纬纱被绕在梭子上 The weft thread is wrapped around a bobbin called a shuttle.
这种图案需要双纬纱技巧 This pattern requires a two-weft-thread technique
需要将另一把梭子 that uses a second shuttle
悬挂在织布机前方 suspended in front of the weaver.
织布机将纱线均匀绷紧 The loom keeps the threads evenly taut,
织出连续统一的纹样 producing a consistent and uniform weave --
成为一匹精美的布料 the hallmarks of a beautiful, quality cloth.
造物小百科
十九世纪中期以前 Until the mid-19th century,
冰只能从大自然中取得 mother nature was the only producer of ice,
人造冰的想法被认为是荒谬可笑的 and the idea of man-made ice seemed preposterous.
一名佛罗里达的医生 It was a Florida doctor who,
由于需要用冰为发烧患者降温 in need of ice to cool feverish patients,
发明了制冰机 invented the ice machine.
这项技术在此后数年间逐步完善 The technology took a few years to refine,
随后被推广开来 and then they were ready to chill.
如今 商用制冰机按需产冰 Today's commercial ice makers churn out ice on demand,
方便餐厅和其他行业 allowing restaurants and other businesses
随时为物体降温 to keep things cool at all times.
要制作制冰机 To make one,
机器将不锈钢片的边缘折起 machinery folds the edges of stainless-steel sheets
用来组装制冰机框架和外壁板 so they can be assembled into the icemaker frame and exterior panels.
同时 将铜条在滚轮上展平 Meanwhile, copper uncoils over a roller, which removes the curl from the metal.
带刃的机器随后为铜条打孔 A machine spiked with blades then punches the copper.
只需一步 就能在铜条上切出无数细缝 In one action, it cuts numerous slits in the strip
并剪裁至恰当的长度 and slices it to the correct length.
带齿的铜条现在可以拼成冰格了 The notched strips are now ready to be assembled into a grid.
冰格是蒸发器的一部分 This grid is part of the evaporator.
液态制冷剂在此蒸发 It's here the liquid refrigerant will evaporate
同时吸走水中的热量 as it pulls heat from the water
将其冷冻成冰块 to freeze it into ice cubes.
这根铜管在制冷过程中起到了重要的作用 This copper tubing is central to that process.
自动机械臂将其弯折成蛇形 An automated arm bends it into a configuration called the serpentine,
制成的线圈被安装在蒸发器背面 producing a coil that will fit on the back of the evaporator.
液态制冷剂流经蛇形管时 As liquid refrigerant moves through it,
会将水中的热量带走 it will draw heat out of the water.
这台机器将蛇形管压扁 This machine flattens the tubing,
加大同蒸发器的接触面积 giving it greater surface contact with the evaporator
这有助于热量传递 to facilitate heat transfer.
零件被送至一台巨大的清洁器 Then it's into a big washing machine
以去除表面的油脂和氧化物 to remove any oils or oxides on the parts.
接着在蒸发器背板上贴上锡银焊片 A worker now applies strips of tin silver solder to the evaporator's back plate.
这种酸性溶液起到粘合剂的作用 This acid solution will act as a bonding agent.
随后将蒸发器锡面朝下 He then places the evaporator, solder side down,
放在蛇形管上 on the serpentine tubing
并将两部件用铁具锁紧 and locks the assembled parts in an iron rig.
将铁具抬进烤箱 He hoists the rig into an oven
熔化夹在蒸发器背板和蛇形管中间的焊片 to melt the solder strips between the back plate and tubing,
使两部件得以粘合 fusing the parts together.
接着进入超声波池 Then it's into an ultrasonic bath,
高频声波能除净残留的杂质 where high-frequency sound waves clean off lingering contaminants.
检验员检查蒸发器 An inspector now examines the evaporator
确保所有的部件都牢固熔接 to confirm that the parts have been solidly fused.
然后 在制冰机的侧板装上管道 Next, he installs pipes on an icemaker's side panel.
制冷剂由此进入机器 These are the lines that supply refrigerant to the machine.
他将机器翻转 He turns the assembly around
拔掉压缩机的盖子 and removes the caps on the compressor
将其与管网连接 to connect it to a network of pipes.
压缩机将制冷剂压入这些管道 The compressor will force refrigerant through these pipes
不断地进行冷热循环 in a continuous cycle of heating and cooling
最终制出冰块 to eventually produce ice.
他用铜将连接处焊接起来 He brazes the joints to seal the connections.
在另一侧板装上风扇 He attaches a fan to another side panel.
它会向散热器吹冷气 It will blow cool air onto the radiator
替制冷剂降温 to cool the refrigerant
使其重新冷凝为液体 and help convert it back into a liquid.
现在他把制冷剂泵入机器 Now he pumps the refrigerant into the system
测量流量是否精准 and measures the flow to ensure it receives a precise amount.
与此同时 工人正在安装冰柜 Meanwhile, at another station, they assemble the ice bin.
是时候试一试这台制冰机了 It's time to test this icemaker.
水流不断流经蒸发器的网格表面 Water flows continuously over the surface of the evaporator grid
网格内的温度降至零度以下 as the temperature inside the cells drops below freezing.
水中的杂质 例如矿物质 Impurities, like minerals, are washed away
在变成冰的过程中被冲走 as the water turns to ice,
成品就是晶莹剔透的冰块 and the result is crystal-clear cubes,
15分钟内能制冰约3公斤 Almost 3 kilograms in just 15 minutes.
最后 将前板装上 Finally, they install the front panel on the unit.
大功告成 This job is done,
现在可以来点轻松饮品 and it's time for a little liquid refreshment...
当然是要冰镇的 on ice, of course.
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