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翻译: 小叶子 校对: 死跑龙套的
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时间轴: 三水 后期: 鱼骨头 总监: 饺子
《造物小百科》第十四季第十一集
本期《造物小百科》为您呈现 Today on "How It's Made":
石墨铅笔芯 Graphite pencil leads.
单簧管 Clarinets.
以及特技效果 And special effects.
虽然名为铅笔 Despite the name,
铅笔芯却不是真的由铅制成 the "Lead" core of a pencil isn't actually made of lead.
而是主要由石墨制成 It's made primarily of graphite,
石墨是大量存在于地壳的一种碳 a form of carbon that's very abundant in the earth's crust.
制造铅笔芯 To produce pencil leads,
需要将石墨粉与水和黏土混合 they combine graphite powder with water and clay.
黏土比例越大 铅芯越硬 The higher the ratio of clay, the harder the lead.
合格的石墨铅笔芯不会轻易折断 Quality graphite pencil leads don't break easily
而且笔触顺滑 and glide smoothly on the page.
石墨开采自露天矿和竖井开采矿 Graphite is mined from both open-pit mines and shaft mines,
比如这个德国矿井 like this one in Germany.
矿工用冲击钻钻孔 以放置炸药 Miners use hammer drills to bore holes for explosives.
矿石中的石墨含量至少30%以上 The chunks of ore must contain at least 30% graphite
这片矿区才有开采价值 to make the area financially viable for mining.
放置在地表的碎石机把矿石碎成小块 At the surface, a crusher breaks the ore into small pieces.
接着 加入水和油 Then, adding water and oil,
在旋转研磨机中研磨成粉 they pulverize it in a rotating mill.
混有粉末的液体随后流入处理系统 This ore soup then flows into a system
它能够将石墨从杂质中分离出来 that separates the graphite from the impurities.
石墨颗吸附在气泡上 The graphite particles cling to the air bubbles
浮到表面 and float to the surface.
过滤器将这层石墨泡沫 Skimmers send this layer of graphite foam
送回研磨机 back into the mill.
5轮过后 石墨含量达到96% 5 cycles later, the graphite concentration is 96%.
但是它湿透了 However, it's soaking wet,
所以必须送进烘干箱 so it has to go into a dryer.
在300摄氏度的环境中 After spinning around at 300 degrees Celsius
旋转30秒之后 for about 30 seconds,
石墨变成了干燥细碎的粉末 the graphite becomes a completely dry, fine powder.
经过开采和加工 Mined and processed,
石墨已经可以运到铅笔厂 it's ready to be shipped to the pencil factory.
为了制造铅笔芯 To make pencil leads,
铅笔厂将石墨粉末与黏土和水混合 the factory combines graphite powder with clay and water.
在35分钟的混合过程中 During the 35-minute mixing cycle,
混合速度 压强 it's critical to control the blending speed,
温度和湿度都要严格控制 pressure, temperature, and moisture level.
这样才能制造出均匀的颗粒 This produces homogenous granules --
而颗粒均匀是保证铅笔芯 the key to ensuring that all the leads
质量统一的关键 will be uniform in quality.
这些颗粒进入液压机中 The granules go into a hydraulic press,
并被压制成圆柱体 which shapes them into a cylindrical block.
工人将石墨块包起来以防过度干燥 Workers then wrap the block in film to prevent drying out
然后放置一周等待硬化 and set it aside for a week to cure.
将变硬的石墨块放入液压机 They load each cured block into a hydraulic press,
使其穿过成型模 which pushes it through a forming die,
成为一整根长铅笔芯 producing one long, continuous lead.
不同模具制造出不同尺寸的铅笔芯 Different dies give different-sized leads.
下一台机器将长铅笔芯 The next machine then cuts the continuous lead
切割成铅笔的长度 into pencil lengths.
铅笔芯的密度和长度已经符合要求 The leads are the right thickness and length,
但仍然很柔软 but they're soft and pliable
因为混合过程中的水分未被完全除去 because they still contain water from the mixing process.
工人将铅笔芯装入 Workers load the leads into a rotary dryer
100摄氏度的旋转式烘干机 at 100 degrees Celsius.
铅笔芯经过12小时的烘干后变直 12 hours later, the leads exit the dryer straight,
但强度不够 but not quite strong enough,
于是接着将它们放入 so next they go into a kiln for 10 hours
1000摄氏度以上的窑中烘烤10小时 at more than 1,000 degrees Celsius.
此过程改变了笔芯中黏土的结构 This firing transforms the clay that's mixed with the graphite,
使得铅笔芯达到最终的硬度 strengthening the leads to their final hardness.
最后是12小时的高质蜡浴 Finally, a 12-hour bath in a mixture of high-quality waxes.
蜡填满了铅笔芯中的空隙 The waxes fill the pores in the leads,
使得它们在纸上笔触顺滑 leaving them with a surface that glides smoothly across paper.
在制造的过程中 Throughout the production process,
工厂会对样品进行质量检测 the factory puts samples through quality-control testing
来检测硬度 抗断性 直径 to check hardness, break resistance, diameter,
当然还有书写质量 and, of course, writing quality.
这家公司生产3种不同规格 This company produces three different qualities of graphite leads
16种硬度的石墨铅笔芯 in 16 different hardness levels,
还有一系列彩色铅芯 plus a full array of colored leads,
制作方法类似 made similarly,
只是用颜料粉末代替了石墨 but with pigment powders and waxes rather than graphite.
造物小百科
当乐手吹起单簧管 When the clarinetist blows into the instrument,
笛头的簧片振动 奏出声音 a reed in the mouthpiece vibrates, creating sound.
为了使单纯的声音变成不同的音调 To turn that basic sound into different notes,
乐手通过开闭不同的音孔 the player manipulates the length of the air column
改变单簧管中的 inside the instrument
空气柱的长度 by opening and closing different tone holes.
标准单簧管有24个音孔 The standard clarinet has 24 tone holes.
乐手用手指按住一些 The musician covers some with his fingers,
剩下的通过按键控制开闭 the rest by pressing keys.
按键由白铜或黄铜制成 Those keys are made of nickel silver or, sometimes, brass.
把热蜡注入按键的石膏模具中 They inject hot wax into a plaster mold of a specific key.
接着 用热蜡 Then, using hot wax,
把几个相同按键的模型粘到管身上 they attach several models of the same key onto a stem.
把这个树状物放入圆筒内 They put this tree, as it's called, into a cylinder,
然后把圆筒放入铸型机器 then into a mold-making machine
向树状物周围倒满 which fills the space around the tree
硅基陶瓷材料 with a silica-based ceramic material.
陶瓷材料硬化后加热 When the ceramic hardens,
蜡熔化后从底部流出 they melt out the wax through an exit hole at the bottom,
剩下一个树状空腔 leaving behind a tree-shaped cavity.
现在他们把模具放入熔铸器 Now they transfer the mold to a casting machine
把白铜放入微型熔炉 and load nickel silver into a miniature furnace.
金属熔化并注满整个空腔 The metal melts and fills the entire cavity.
为了冷却并固化铸件 To cool and solidify the casting,
将模具浸入温水 they submerge the mold in lukewarm water.
当温度下降 金属收缩 The metal contracts as its temperature drops,
从模具中脱落 loosening from the mold.
取出树状物 剪下按键 They extract the tree and remove the keys.
接着磨平按键根部 Then they grind off the little stub left on each key.
然后将按键放进装满合成石的滚筒 Next the keys go into a tumbler filled with synthetic stones.
合成石抛光按键 The stones polish the keys,
为其表面镀银做准备 preparing their surface for silver plating.
银并非直接镀在白铜上 Silver doesn't adhere directly to nickel silver,
要先为按键镀铜 so they plate the keys in copper first.
将按键逐层浸泡在化学溶液中 For each layer, they submerge the keys in a chemical solution,
然后通负极电 then apply a negative electric charge
同时给电镀金属通正极电 while running a positive charge to pieces of the plating metal.
这如磁铁一般 Like a magnet,
吸引电镀金属粒子附着到按键上 this draws particles of the plating metal onto the keys,
形成薄薄的镀层 forming a thin overall coat.
单簧管的上下节管主要由木头制成 A clarinet's two-part body is typically made of wood
或者由塑料树脂制成 or, like these, plastic resin.
电脑控制的钻头钻24个音孔 A computer-guided drill bores 24 tone holes
和40个稍小的孔用来固定轴棍 and 40 smaller holes for the posts,
轴棍用于支撑按键 which support the key mechanisms.
声波焊接机 A sonic welding machine
将每个轴棍分别钻入孔中 presses each post into its respective hole
同时发出高频声波 while zapping it with a high-frequency sound wave
熔化底座上的塑料 to melt the plastic around the base.
这能牢牢固定住轴棍 This anchors the post securely.
下一台机器在每个轴棍的顶端钻孔 The next machine reams a hole through the head of each post
用来安装控制按键的金属棒 for the rods that operate the keys.
他们用天然软木包裹管身的连接端 They wrap natural cork around the connecting ends of the body,
然后照亮管内进行质量检测 then illuminate the interior for a quality-control inspection.
现在是最后组装 It's time for the final assembly.
给每个活动部件涂上润滑油 They lubricate all the moving parts,
然后把17个按键安装到位 then install the 17 keys onto their mechanisms.
每个按键下面粘有海绵垫片 Each key has a foam pad to prevent air
当音孔闭合时能防止空气漏出 from leaking out when the hole's covered.
用一片金属箔 They use a strip of foil
来检测密封是否紧密 to test whether the seal is tight enough.
单簧管管身各个部分组装完成后 With both body sections of the instrument finished,
乐手将它们拼装起来 a musician assembles them
并检查每个按键是否活动顺畅 and checks that each and every key moves fluidly.
安装好喇叭和笛头之后 Then, after attaching the bell and the mouthpiece,
她吹奏一段音乐 she conducts a sound-quality test,
进行音质测试 performing a set of musical exercises.
接着 将单簧管装箱 The clarinet now goes to the packing department
装箱人员轻轻擦去指纹 where the packager gently removes fingerprints,
绒线和润滑油渍 lint, and lubricant residue,
把乐器各部分装入天鹅绒内衬箱 then lays the instrument parts in a velvet-lined case.
这是制作过程的最后一步 使得单簧管 It's a fitting finale to the making of an instrument
不仅乐声动听而且十分美观 that looks as good as it sounds.
造物小百科
动画电影中的特技效果 Special effects in animated films
能赋予完全虚构的人物和场景生命力 breathe life into characters and scenes that are completely imaginary.
使用各式各样的特效 It usually takes a mix of different effects
能将想象变成现实 to give the fantasy a realistic texture.
从微缩模型到计算机成像 From miniature-scale models to computer-generated imagery,
都是为了影片的完美呈现 it's all about the big picture.
3D动画和摄影手法的巧妙运用 3-D animation and photographic tricks
能使微缩村庄在银幕上看起来很宏伟 make this miniature village loom large on the big screen.
一切都从画板上开始 It all starts at the drawing board.
画师画出虚拟村庄的各个部分 An artist sketches the various components of the fantasy village.
当他在纸上画完后 Once he gets it down on paper,
其他人就能依此建造模型 the rest of the crew can build it.
参照画好的草图 Using one of the sketches as a reference,
雕刻师把泡沫雕成屋顶 a sculptor carves foam into sections of a roof,
并把各个部分粘合起来 and he glues the pieces together.
这个泡沫屋顶将被用来制作模具 This foam roof will then be used to make a mold.
模型制作者在屋顶周围搭起盒子 The mold maker builds a box around the roof,
由于用了非粘性材料 which is now gray-colored
屋顶变成了灰色 due to the application of a nonstick substance.
将液态硅胶倒在盒子里的泡沫屋顶上 He pours liquid silicon rubber onto the foam roof in the box.
12小时后 拆开盒子 After 12 hours, they pull apart the box
取走泡沫 露出模具 and remove the foam to reveal the mold.
这个模具将被用来制作 This mold will be used to cast multiple roof parts
许多迷你电影场景的屋顶部分 for the mini film set.
混合两种聚氨酯溶液 They mix a two-part urethane solution
并倒入模具中 and pour it into the mold.
化学反应使得聚氨酯凝固 A chemical reaction causes the urethane to solidify,
当它凝固 and as it does,
会完整保留模具的所有细节 it takes the shape of the mold with all the details.
半小时后 After half an hour,
从模具中取出凝固的聚氨酯 he extracts the cured urethane from the mold.
这是原始屋顶雕塑的完美复制品 It's a perfect copy of the original roof carving.
他们为了视觉效果制作了各种屋顶 They mold various roofs for visual interest.
工作人员随后 The crew then paints
为迷你村庄场景的每个部分 all the molded parts of the mini village set
涂上符合现实生活的颜色 in colors that are true to life.
色彩都预先进行了精心挑选 The palette has been selected beforehand,
但如果效果欠佳 but if it doesn't look right to the eye,
还可对其进行调整 adjustments can be made.
对于大尺寸建筑物模型 For larger-scale structures,
技术人员将反射点布置成网格状 a technician arranges reflective dots in a grid pattern.
使用这些点作为参照点 These dots serve as reference points
将房子的造型扫描进电脑 to laser-scan the image of the house into a computer.
技术人员每次扫描一部分的图像 The technician transfers the image a section at a time.
当图像完全载入电脑 Once the image has been loaded into the computer,
动画师才能真正开始操作 animators can really play around with it.
他们可以插入虚拟人物 They can insert digital characters
或将数字图像与照片合成来渲染阴影 or impose a digital image over a filmed one to cast a shadow.
同时 其他工作人员 Meanwhile, another member of the crew
将模型树放在塑料制成的小山上 plants molded trees onto hills of plastic
搭成场景中的风景 and shapes the landscape of the set.
树林和植被尺寸很小 The trees and vegetation are very small-scale
因为这片风景只是背景 because the landscape will be in the background.
在数字动画领域中 In the world of digital animation,
几丛苔藓就可以模拟灌木 clumps of moss can mimic shrubs,
热胶枪是必不可少的工具 and a hot-glue gun is an indispensable tool.
当场景布置完成后 Once buildings have been inserted in the set,
工作人员打开灯光测试效果 the crew brings up the lights and checks the effect.
他们增减道具 They add props, and, sometimes, take others away
来改善场景的视觉效果 to improve the look of each scene.
技术人员调整灯光 Technicians tweak the lighting,
来增加场景的视觉深度和可信度 which can add visual depth and credibility to any scene,
但小比例尺远景的要求更为严格 but it's even more critical with a small-scale vista.
小方角镜与灯光相连接 Little rectangular mirrors attached to the lights
以便微调 allow for minute adjustments.
摄影导演远程操作摄像机 The director of photography operates the camera remotely.
通过调整构图和景深 Adjustments to the shot's frame or depth of field
让观众产生错觉 can trick the eye
使微缩模型看上去更大 and make miniatures seem much larger.
电脑记录摄像机的运动轨迹 The computer records the camera movements
使之可以随时重复 so they can be repeated at any time.
随后 用数字技术将水流加入河床 Later, water will be digitally added to this riverbed.
接下来 使用计算机合成技术 Coming up next, animated characters enter the scene
将动画人物加入场景 with the help of computer-generated tricks.
造物小百科
如今 人偶模型 Today, virtual beings
常用于好莱坞电影制作 are a Hollywood phenomenon.
电脑特效帮助3D动画人物 Computer effects have rocketed 3-D animated characters
成为了明星 into superstardom,
但就算是虚拟人物 but even for digital creatures,
成名也并非易事 fame doesn't come easy.
需要长期的工作 It takes years of work
和庞大的专业技术团队 and a large crew of skilled professionals
才能使虚拟角色在屏幕上栩栩如生 to make them look good on the big screen.
一切从传统的画纸开始 It all starts with a good, old-fashioned sketch pad.
一旦人物在纸上成型 Once the character is defined on paper,
美工师用黏土制作人物 the artist sculpts him with clay.
然后轮到高科技大显神威 Then the high-tech wizardry begins
工作人员全方位扫描人物模型 as they laser-scan the 3-D character from all angles
并将其载入电脑 and load the image into the computer.
图像捕捉完毕后 Once he's been captured,
电脑特效师将人物包裹于 The computer artist wraps the character
数字网格中 in a digital wire frame.
通过操作网格 He manipulates the wire mesh
来控制人物的一举一动 to make the character move and breathe.
制作完各种丰富的脸部表情 After he creates a dozen or more facial expressions,
这台机器将其制作成实物 this machine makes hard copies of those many faces.
它反复叠加层层塑料 It repeatedly deposits layers of plastic
将虚拟图像具现化 to build up a physical version of the image.
他们将眼睛塞入眼窝 They insert eyes in the sockets,
然后给白色塑料脸上色 then give these washed-out plastic faces some color.
美工师接着完成每张脸的绘画 An artist paints each one of the faces along the same lines.
连续性非常重要 Continuity is critical
因为这些脸会被拍摄并剪辑在一起 because the faces will be filmed and the images edited together
制作动画效果 to create the illusion of movement.
这是传统的动画技术 单格拍制 It's a traditional animation technique called stop-motion,
这些塑料模型被称为玩偶 and these plastic models are called puppets.
裁缝师给其中一个玩偶 Next a seamstress builds a suit of clothes
制作服装 for one of the puppets.
玩偶人物制作精良 He has to look great
因为他们要将此角色推销给商人 because he'll be used to promote the character to merchandisers
希望能制作成玩具出售 who might market him as a toy.
他们把织物扫入电脑并包裹在虚拟角色身上 They scan the fabric and wrap it around the digital character
给他穿上相同的服装 to give him the same outfit,
然后加上褶皱使其更具真实质感 then add creases for a more realistic texture.
工作人员为某一场景的 The crew lights the mini set
微缩布景配上灯光 for one of the character's big scenes
并设计好摄像机的运行 and plans the camera moves.
这相当于彩排 It's a kind of dress rehearsal.
某个玩偶被当作 One of the puppets acts as a stand-in
动画人物的替身 for the animated character.
到处移动玩偶进行粗定位 They move him around in a process called rough placement.
这一步相当关键 It's a critical step
需要保证每个工作人员都保持同步 which ensures that everyone is in sync --
电影摄影师 灯光师及动画师 cinematographers, lighting artists, and animators.
在房间中移动的玩偶 Seeing the puppet in the room
帮助动画人员将其对应的虚拟人物 will help animators place his digital counterpart
设置在各个位置 in the various visuals.
他们需要考虑到所有角度 They literally cover all the angles
不留死角 and leave nothing to chance.
这种现实与虚拟相结合的特技 Now the physical merges with the virtual
称为人物动作捕捉 in a special-effects trick called human motion capture.
一个人穿着贴满反射点的特制服装 A man walks around in a special suit
到处走动 covered with reflective dots.
电脑通过识别这些点来推算人物动作 The computer recognizes the dots to transfer the man's movements
并将虚拟人物与之实时同步 to a version of the digital character instantaneously.
电脑特效师用这些捕捉到的动作 The computer artist uses those captured movements
来操纵人物并将其置入场景 to manipulate the character and insert him into the scene.
这使得虚拟人物能够 The effect is one of a digital character
如同真人般移动 who moves just like a human being.
他们将场景道具的数字化图层 They layer digitized images of the set
无缝合成为一幅图像 and blend them seamlessly into a single image.
这种数字合成方式被称为影像合成 This digital layering is called compositing.
它使得动画师 It allows animators
能够准确地将人物置入场景 to accurately place the character in the scene.
高科技特效 The blend of high-tech special effects
与传统动画技术相结合 with traditional animation techniques
两者取长补短 gives the best of both worlds.
所有的特效技术结合起来 Combined, all these special-effects tricks
赋予每个3D人物明星特质 can generate 3-D characters with star quality.
它们是虚拟玩偶 They are virtual puppets,
而动画师则是玩偶师 and the animators are the puppeteers.
在大银幕上 And on the big screen,
虚拟人物看上去栩栩如生 the fantasy has never looked so real.
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