南太平洋的岛屿是世界上最偏僻的 The South Pacific Islands are the most isolated in the world.
有些离最近的洲大陆4000多哩远 Some are more than 4,000 miles from the nearest continent.
生物难以到达这些岛屿 The odds against any life reaching these islands,
繁荣也只在瞬间 and flourishing, were once minute.
不管如何的偏远 But no matter ho remote they may be,
所有都被开拓了 all have been colonised.
先是植物和动物... First by plants and animals...
接着是人类 ..and then by humans.
那些漂流者是如何 So who were those castaways
到达这些分布广泛的岛屿？ and how did they ever reach these far-flung islands?
漂流者
南太平洋宽度1万哩 More than twice the width of the Atlantic Ocean,
是大西洋的二倍多 the South Pacific is 10,000 miles wide.
许多开拓者从遥远的西方一隅 Many of the pioneers who made it to the most easterly islands
动身来到最东面的岛屿 set off from its far-western corner.
对多数人而言 新几内亚是发射台 And, for most, New Guinea was the launch pad.
是英国的三倍 Three times the size of Britain,
世界上最大的热带岛屿... this is the largest tropical island in the world...
有着最丰富的动物生命... ..and the richest in animal life...
有些真正吸引眼球的定居者 ..with some truly eye-catching residents.
像这种戈氏天堂鸟 Like this Goldie's Bird of paradise.
以前从未被拍过 Never filmed before,
戈氏天堂鸟只是新几内亚38种 天堂鸟中的一种 Goldie's are just one of New Guinea's 38 species of bird of paradise...
全都因富丽的羽毛而出名 all famed for their spectacular plumage.
热衷展示他华丽的羽毛为的是 吸引雌性的注意 Keen to show his impressive feathers to an attentive female,
雄性在清理舞台 the male clears the stage.
现在他准备好唱小夜曲的场所了 Now he's ready for a spot of serenading.
BIRD SINGS
雌性外观或许平淡但她们非常挑剔 Females may be dull looking but they are very picky.
他的独唱未能奏效 His solo fails to impress.
第二个雄性来到并且取得中心舞台 A second male arrives and takes centre stage.
但与其战斗不如来个二重奏 But, rather than fight, they strike up a duet.
BIRDS SING IN UNISON
这个卖弄厉害的最终引起雌性的注意 This show of strength finally gets her attention.
羽毛最好的戈氏天堂鸟得到了女朋友 The best-dressed Goldie gets the girl.
虽说他的羽毛能为他弄到女朋友 But while his feathers may have secured him a mate,
但不足以把他们带离岛 they're not strong enough to carry him off the island
或从遥远的东方穿越南太平洋 and further east across the South Pacific.
天堂鸟牺牲飞行能力为得是能够花枝招展 Birds of paradise sacrificed flight efficiency for flights of fancy.
谁能开拓南太平洋那？ So who did manage to colonise the South Pacific?
新几内亚广袤的景致 New Guinea's enormous landscape
被划成了数千座的孤立山谷 is carved up into thousands of isolated valleys.
每个都有庇护数量庞大开拓者的潜力 Each shelters huge numbers of potential colonisers.
令人惊讶地 地球上有1/20的昆虫物种 生活在这里 Amazingly, one in twenty of the world's insect species may live here.
同时还有近300种哺乳动物 As well as almost 300 species of mammal,
像奇怪的卵生长鼻针鼹 like the bizarre, egg-laying, long-nosed echidna.
甚至有喜欢树的袋鼠 There are even kangaroos that have taken to the trees.
虽然稍许不稳当！ Although somewhat precariously!
有什么动物向东旅行到其它岛屿么? Did any of these animals ever travel east to other islands?
约300个爬行物种在这炎热之地兴旺发达 Around 300 species of reptile thrive within this hot house,
包括无处不在的鳞趾虎 including the ubiquitous mourning gecko.
它是适应能力高的动物 It is a highly-adaptable creature
但它有何工具 体力和运气 成为一名生存下来的开拓者? But did it have the tools, stamina and luck to survive being a castaway?
有一个动物无疑能 One animal certainly did.
DRUMS BEAT
人类 Humans.
THEY CHANT
尽管才4万年前到达新几内亚 Despite only arriving in New Guinea 40,000 years ago,
人类不久就确定了遍及岛屿 如迷宫般的隐秘山谷 humans were soon established throughout the island's maze of hidden valleys.
如今这些人被称为巴布亚人 Today, these people are known as Papuans
同时说着700多个不同的语言... and together speak over 700 different languages...
远比地球上其它岛屿要多 more than any other island on Earth.
尽管他们熟识全岛 Yet, despite their mastery of the island,
却生活在一种敬畏的动物阴影之下 there was one creature they lived in awe of...
食人巨鳄 the giant man-eating crocodile.
即使如今 年轻人也必须要忍受 野蛮的成人仪式 Even today, young men must endure a brutal initiation ceremony,
相信能获得这些巨型爬虫的力量和狡诈 to acquire the strength and guile of these giant reptiles.
THEY MARCH AND CHANT
首席巫师召唤鳄鱼之神寻求赐福和保佑 The chief shaman calls out to the crocodile gods, asking for their blessing and protection.
部落人装成鳄鱼活动时蜿蜒的样子 The tribesmen form the sinuous shape of a moving crocodile.
在后面 鳄鱼的尾巴处 一名如宫廷小丑舒缓了心情 At the rear, the crocodile's tail, a court jester lightens the mood.
即刻就是紧张又可能致命的通过仪式 Momentarily, for what follows is a gruelling and potentially lethal rite of passage.
这些年轻人将身体毁损至类似鳄鱼的样子 These young men will be mutilated, to resemble crocodiles.
男孩被带到神灵的房间 The boys are led into the spirit house,
受到年长者的夹道鞭打 running the gauntlet of blows from their elders.
他们找到锋利的竹棒 Inside, they find sharpened lengths of bamboo.
刺疤的神圣活动开始了 The sacred act of scarring is about to begin.
仪式近乎神秘 The ritual is a closely-guarded secret.
DRUMS BEAT TO A CRESCENDO
BOY SCREAMS, MEN CHANT
他们割得十分干净 Their cuts are thoroughly cleaned.
切割者的传染才是真正的危险 Killer infections are a real danger.
进去是男孩 出来就是男人...鳄鱼人 They go in as boys but they come out as men - crocodile men...
有着召唤巨型爬虫的力量 with the power to summon the great reptiles.
他们背上的伤疤象征着动物的鳞片... The scars on their back represent the animal's scales...
同时他们的胸部成了鳄鱼的眼睛 ..while their chests have become the crocodile's eyes.
要是你最害怕的动物可能在观察 你的每步行动的话 If the animal you most fear might be watching your every move,
任何缓和的行动都是值得尝试的 any act of appeasement is worth trying.
新几内亚并没有因南太平洋中的 咸水鳄而停下脚步 And New Guinea wasn't the last stop for saltwater crocodiles in the South Pacific.
数百万年前 Millions of years ago,
这些强大的爬行动物已经开始朝东方推进 these powerful reptiles had already begun their push eastwards.
对于任何动物漂流者来说 For any animal castaway,
第一个障碍就是60哩宽的海域 the first hurdle would have been the 60-mile stretch of water
它把新几内亚与下一个群岛 所罗门群岛分隔开 that separates New Guinea from the next group of islands - the Solomons.
所罗门群岛不像新几内亚是个主岛 Instead of one dominating island, like New Guinea,
所罗门群岛是近千个小型岛屿组成 the Solomons are made up of almost a thousand smaller jewels,
分散在900哩的连线上 scattered along a 900-mile chain.
这些岛屿都是海中火山喷发形成 开拓者的时机成熟了 All these islands erupted out of the sea and were ripe for colonisation.
这些所罗门岛民的祖先 The ancestors of these Solomon Islanders
约在3000年前 穿越最初的60哩 made that initial 60-mile crossing some 30,000 years ago.
无论他们的祖先像这样 是用挖空的树干划桨穿越 Whether their ancestors paddled across in hollowed-out tree trunks like these,
还是用巨大竹筏穿越的 无人知道 or floated on giant bamboo rafts, no-one knows.
难得见到陆地 And with land occasionally in sight,
他们却想要去探索 they would have surely been tempted to investigate.
到人类到达为止 所罗门几乎挤满了 By the time people arrived, the Solomons were packed
1/4在新几内亚发现的动植物 with almost a quarter of the plants and animals found in New Guinea...
包括他们的老对手-咸水鳄 ..including their old adversary, the saltwater crocodile.
对于大多数动物来说 60哩的游泳是了不起的功绩 A 60-mile swim would be an unimaginable feat for most animals
但多数动物不喜欢有盐份的 but salties are not most animals.
只有为数不多的鳄鱼能忍受盐水 One of the few crocodiles to tolerate saltwater,
它们也是最大最强壮的游泳者 they are also the largest and strongest swimmers.
受到内部罗盘的指引 Guided by an internal compass,
它们在所罗门各处登陆 they made landfall throughout the Solomons
成为太平洋中最东面的鳄鱼群 and became the most easterly population of crocodiles in the Pacific.
一旦登陆 它们就有大把的美食可以享用 Once arrived, they'd have had plenty to feast on.
新几内亚和所罗门周围的海域 The waters surrounding New Guinea and the Solomons
是地球上最丰富多彩的 are the richest and most diverse in the world.
甚至一个暗礁上鱼的种类就 Indeed, there are more species of fish on one of these reefs
超过整个加勒比海 than in the whole of the Caribbean.
这些生命都是如何从 新几内亚到所罗门的? But how did all this life reach the Solomons from New Guinea?
你一定想鱼是很容易在这些 小岛之间游动的 You might think it would be easy for a fish to swim between these small islands.
但不是这样 But not so.
你不可能在深水里找到这些小鱼 You wouldn't find these little fish in deep water.
开阔海域边的这些浅礁 实际上是个巨大的栅栏 The open ocean beyond their shallow reef is, in fact, a huge barrier.
那这些鱼是如何到这里的? So how did all these fish come to be here?
开拓新的暗礁对穿越南太平洋的鱼来说 面临一个挑战 Colonising new reefs is a challenge faced by fish across the South Pacific,
但它们有简单的解决方法 but they have a simple solution.
每年一次 数千的石斑鱼聚在暗礁上 Once a year, thousands of groupers gather on the reefs.
当满月时 一件奇怪的事件显露出来 With the coming of the full moon, an extraordinary event unfolds.
石斑鱼产卵 They spawn.
雌鱼喷释出数百万颗卵 雄鱼快速跟进 A female darts up and releases millions of eggs, quickly followed by the males,
竞相给卵受精 who jostle to fertilise them.
但新生命刚开始就可能以死亡结束 But starting new life can end in death.
灰礁鲨 Grey reef sharks. Grey reef sharks.
石斑鱼通常比鲨鱼要快得多 Groupers are normally too quick for sharks...
但一条慌乱的石斑鱼成了鲨鱼的佐餐 ..but a distracted grouper is shark bait.
鲨鱼会突然捕获几条成熟的鱼 The sharks may snatch a few adults,
但成亿的受精鱼卵被洋流携带着 but millions upon millions of fertilised grouper eggs are picked up by the current.
在开阔的海域外孵化成幼体 Out in the open ocean, they hatch into larvae
成为大量浮游生物的一部分 and become part of the vast plankton soup.
不只是鱼有依赖广阔海洋传播 And it's not just fish that depend on the whim of the open ocean
它们幼仔的想法 to disperse their larvae.
陆地蟹和其它甲壳纲动物也如此 Land crabs and other crustaceans do too.
但有个期限 But there's a deadline.
它们都设有到达新岛的天数 They each have a set number of days to reach new islands.
令人惊讶地 这些幼体能够凭 Astonishingly, these larvae are able to home in
嗅觉和远处暗礁的响声安全到家 on the smells and sounds of distant reefs.
出发时有数百万的幼体 Out of the millions of larvae that set off,
却只有很小部分会成功开拓新的岛屿 only a small fraction will succeed in colonising new islands.
奇怪的是有些淡水鱼也在海中产卵 Curiously, some freshwater fish also spawn at sea
利用海洋帮助它们的幼体开拓新的河流 and use the sea to help their larvae colonise rivers.
这些所罗门的淡水鳗一开始 它们是生活在数百哩外 These freshwater eels in the Solomons began their lives hundreds of miles away,
或许是在新几内亚的深海沟里 possibly in a deep sea trench off New Guinea.
当还是幼体和幼鳗时 Yet as larvae and then elvers,
它们前进到这些淡水池 they made their way into these freshwater pools
40多年后长成了2米巨鳗 and over 40 years, grew into two-metre giants.
当地人非常珍惜鳗 The eels are highly prized by the locals.
所罗门岛民用手喂它们 不是为了养胖它们吃 These Solomon Islanders hand feed them, not to fatten them up for dinner
而是鼓励鳗逗留在此 but to encourage them to stick around.
为的是净化这里任何的腐败物 By scavenging on whatever's decaying here,
鳗清洁了岛民宝贵的饮用水池 the eels clean the islanders' precious pools of drinking water...
随着时间过去 这些荣誉客人变得温顺 and over time, the honorary guests have become tame.
某一天 这些成熟的淡水鳗 会回到海里去产卵 One day, these adult freshwater eels will return to the sea to spawn...
接着就会死去 after which they'll die.
目前它们就像宠物一样 For now, they are as good as pets.
远离海岸 动物是稀少的 Away from the coast, animals are thin on the ground.
所罗门只有新几内亚1/4的 爬行动物和鸟类 The Solomons have only a quarter of the reptiles and birds that New Guinea has.
对于针鼹和袋鼠这样的哺乳动物来说 For mammals like echidnas and kangaroos,
水被证实是一个非常大的障碍 the water proved too great a hurdle.
但有些哺乳动物能成功到这 But some mammals did make it here.
说到来到新岛 When it comes to reaching new islands,
飞行肯定是较容易达到目标的方法 flying must surely have been the easiest way to get there.
但新几内亚和所罗门之间有60哩 But the 60 miles between New Guinea and the Solomons
对许多有翼动物来说依然是个可怕地挑战 still proved a formidable challenge for many winged creatures.
因为它们的四尺翼展 With their four-foot wingspans,
大果蝠成功到达其它飞行动物 无法到达的地方 giant fruit bats succeeded where other fliers failed.
胃里携带着来自新几内亚未消化的种子 Carrying undigested fruit seeds from New Guinea in their stomachs,
它们不经意地帮助了所罗门雨林播种 they inadvertently helped sow the Solomons' rainforests.
CHATTERING SQUAWKS
白天这些夜间活动的果蝠集体栖息在 By day, these nocturnal fruit bats roost communally
安全的树木最高处 in the safety of the tallest trees.
从最初的几只蝙蝠到这到如今 已有18个不同的种类 From the few bats that made it here, there are now 18 different species.
它们成为南太平洋分布 最广的原生哺乳动物 They have become the most widespread native mammal in the South Pacific.
所罗门的东面 岛屿之间的距离增加了戏剧性 East of the Solomons, the distance between islands increases dramatically.
到下一个群岛-斐济 萨摩亚和汤加之前 是1000哩的开阔海洋 It's now 1,000 miles of open ocean before the next island groups...
Fiji, Samoa and Tonga.
所有这些岛群中斐济是最大的 Of all these island clusters, Fiji is the largest...
由300多座火山岛组成 ..made up of over 300 volcanic islands,
形成约4千万年前 formed some 40 million years ago.
斐济大约是所罗门的2/3大小 Fiji is around two-thirds the size of the Solomons,
所以依旧成为开拓者一个合理的目标 so remained a reasonable target for would-be colonisers.
虽然与世隔绝 它依然是所罗门群岛 Despite its isolation, it is still home
已发现的近一半植物品种的家 to nearly half the number of plant species found in the Solomons.
但动物开拓者不那么成功 But animal colonisers were not so successful.
夜晚 森林可怕地安静 At night, the forests are eerily quiet.
只有几只蝙蝠在这 Only a handful of bats made it here,
唯一的哺乳动物做到了 远处还有几只鸟 the only mammals to do so, and there are far fewer birds.
在缺乏地面掠食者时 In the absence of ground predators,
无脊椎动物演化成了怪物 invertebrates evolved into monsters.
这只千足虫是该物种中最大的 This millipede is one of the biggest of its kind,
动起来几乎有一尺长 running almost a foot long.
从它的祖先经过长途旅行到达这些 Its diet of rotten vegetation may have sustained its ancestors
偏远的海岸起就一直以腐烂的植物为食 on their long journeys to these distant shores.
但它们是如何到这里的? But how did they get here?
FROG CROAKS
或许还有更惊奇的 蛙有二个品种也到了斐济 Perhaps more surprising, two species of frog also made it to Fiji.
惊奇的是因为成年蛙在盐水里很快就死去 Surprising because adult frogs quickly die in saltwater.
但这种蛙的祖先还是蝌蚪时就来到这里 But the ancestor of this frog may have arrived here as a tadpole.
蝌蚪通常需要淡水池来成长 Tadpoles normally need pools of freshwater to develop in,
实际上卵里已经是成熟的 but these actually mature inside the egg.
因此在长途旅行中 So, on long journeys,
这些卵就像在小的救生舱里一样 these eggs would have been like little survival capsules.
剩下的问题是 它们是怎么到这些岛屿的? But the question remains - how did they ever reach these islands?
或许与斐济大多数令人好奇的漂流者 相同的方法 Maybe the same way as Fiji's most intriguing castaway of all.
30年前发现 Discovered only 30 years ago,
斐济最大幸存的爬行动物 Fiji's largest surviving reptile was marooned
被困在少数外岛上 on a handful of its outer islands.
斐济冠鬣蜥 Crested iguanas.
它们是周围晰蜴中最坚韧 最耐盐水的 They're one of the toughest and most saltwater-tolerant lizards around.
在繁殖季节中 雄性有近1米长 In the breeding season, males, nearly a metre long,
为了配偶决一胜负 battle it out for a mate.
它们开始是以温和的头部摆动 作为竞争较量 They begin with a gentle bout of competitive head-bobbing.
如果没人后退 事情变得更加活跃了 If no-one backs down, things become more animated.
IGUANA HISSES
失败者快速爬到树顶 The loser scrambles for cover.
IGUANA HISSES
这些最大的蜥蜴来自何方那? So where did these large lizards come from?
有些人猜4千哩以西的亚洲 Some speculate Asia, 4,000 miles to the west...
其他人认为5千哩以东的美洲 others, the Americas, 5,000 miles to the east.
但它们如何最终来到斐济的? But how did they end up here in Fiji?
一个答案是鬣蜥 蛙和千足虫都是 One answer is that the iguanas, the frogs and the millipedes
被强大的海洋力量带到这里的 were all carried here by powerful oceanic forces.
每天巨大的海浪穿越太平洋 冲击着小型的岛屿 Every day, large waves beat down on tiny islands across the Pacific.
可能促使岛上的生物有一点点影响 Imposing as they may be, these have little impact on island life.
每年都有十分巨大的海浪从海中升起 But every year, much larger waves rise out of the ocean.
它们是由海下的崩塌和地震引起的 They're generated by underwater landslides and earthquakes.
被称为海啸 它们能扫平海岸线 Known as tsunamis, they can flatten coastlines.
这些破坏力量也可能给一些岛屿带来生命 Yet these destructive forces may have also brought life to some islands.
当海啸袭击海岸时 植物漂筏可能漂荡出去 As tsunamis strike the coast, rafts of vegetation can be cast adrift.
或许在这些漂浮筏上携带着动物 Perhaps animals were caught up in those rafts too.
也许这个答案能回答这些动物 是怎么来到斐济的 Could this have been the answer to how these animals made it to Fiji?
毕竟它们是自己种类中最坚强的 After all, they are the hardiest of their kind
能从漫长的海洋旅途中生存下来 and could have survived long sea journeys.
斐济第一个被冲上岸的 动物是在几千万年前 Fiji's first animals washed up tens of millions of years ago.
但人类要迟缓的多 But humans were slow off the block.
他们3500年前才到达这里 They only arrived here 3,500 years ago.
他们留下的历史甚少 Their history remains thin on the ground.
纳马杜古遗址是太平洋中唯一 发现的二个古代城市之一 The ruins of Nan Madol are one of only two ancient cities ever found in the Pacific.
由于考古证据太缺乏 With archaeological evidence so scarce,
中太平洋的人类出自那里争论激烈 the origins of people in the central Pacific were hotly debated.
巴布亚人是从新几内亚来的 Were they Papuans from New Guinea,
本地的印度人从美洲来 或是来自亚洲的其它人种？ native Indians from the Americas, or another race of people from Asia?
只是他们非常相近的语言可追溯到台湾 Only very recently has their language been traced back to Taiwan...
他们的陶器可追溯到菲律宾 ..and their pottery to the Philippines.
结合DNA分析 证据现在指向拉匹达 Combined with DNA analysis, evidence now points to the Lapita,
一支从亚洲最南部航海来的人类 a seafaring people from Southeast Asia.
THEY SING
回到所罗门一个叫托马考的小岛上 Back in the Solomons, on the tiny island of Taumako,
拉匹达的后裔仍有建造 航海用独木舟的习俗 descendants of the Lapita still build traditional voyaging canoes.
这些独木舟看上去非常原始 These canoes may look basic,
但相对复杂使拉匹达人在其他人还不敢 but their relative sophistication enabled the Lapita
航海之前就已经航行到太平洋很远了 to travel further into the Pacific than anyone had ever dared before.
他们不再仅仅依赖短桨...靠风力 They were no longer reliant on paddles alone - they had wind power.
帆 或许类似这种蟹钳设计 Sails, perhaps similar to this crab-claw design,
能够让拉匹达人控制广大区域 enabled the Lapita to cover huge distances.
带着沉重的帆 独木舟就需要格外的稳固 But with heavy sails, the canoes needed extra stability.
拉匹达人增加了一个船体 The Lapita added a second hull
舷外浮木式独木舟最终诞生了 and the long-distance outrigger canoe was finally born.
拉匹达人首次航海到未知世界 肯定会有人牺牲 The Lapita's first voyages into the unknown must have appeared suicidal.
虽然有许多人丧身大海 有些拉匹达人还是到达了新岛 Although many were lost at sea, some Lapita DID reach new islands,
感谢他们特别的航海技能 thanks to their extraordinary navigation skills.
这个男人通过读取海浪及其隆起的形状 This man can interpret the direction of land
就能说出陆地的方向 by reading wave and swell patterns.
就像他的祖先 他的脑子里带着各季节 Like his ancestors, he carries in his head a complex wind map
详细又复杂的风图宛如一只罗盘 detailing the various seasonal winds that serve as a compass.
在晚上 他能靠星星给船导航 And at night, he can navigate by the stars.
就凭这种小船 拉匹达人到达新几内亚 In craft like these, the Lapita reached the islands of Tonga,
以东2000哩 南太平洋中心的汤加群岛 2,000 miles east of New Guinea, in the heart of the South Pacific.
再远的东面 要是岛屿稀疏且更偏远的话 Further east, the odds of a castaway making land drop steeply
漂流者登陆的可能性陡降 as the islands become fewer and even more isolated.
动物漂流者远未到达东太平洋的法属 Almost all animal castaways died of exposure, hunger or thirst
玻利尼西亚之前就会死于暴晒饥饿和口渴 long before reaching French Polynesia in the eastern Pacific.
到达这里的陆地当然是特别的幸运 Reaching land here was a matter of extraordinary luck.
不像斐济 在法属玻利尼西亚没有蝙蝠 Unlike Fiji, there are no bats in French Polynesia,
没有蛙类 只有少数的蜥蜴 no frogs and only a handful of lizards.
最成功的旅行家是长途飞行员 The most successful travellers were the long-haul fliers...
乌燕鸥 sooty terns.
难以置信 它们能呆在空中4年而不着陆 Incredibly, they can stay in the air for four years without landing...
但为了繁育 它们必须回到遥远岛屿上的筑巢点 ..but to breed, they must return to nesting sites on remote islands.
一旦这样做了 它们就会传入新生命 And when they do, they introduce new life.
粘性或带倒钩的种子缠在它们的羽毛上 免费搭乘穿越太平洋 Sticky or barbed seeds fasten on to their feathers and hitch rides across oceans.
有些岛屿有75%的植物由鸟类带来的 On some islands, 75% of plants arrived with the birds.
HIGH-PITCHED CRIES
种子甚至通过有些鸟的胃带来 Seeds are even carried in the stomachs of some birds.
能得到免费搭乘的还不单单是种子 As if getting a lift wasn't enough for these seeds,
海鸟也能提供些别的东西 seabirds also provide them with something else.
这些鸟带回岛的海鲜能变成养分 The seafood these birds bring back to the islands
充足的鸟粪-植物的肥料 is turned into nutrient-rich guano - plant fertiliser.
这足以将贫瘠的珊瑚环岛变成 富饶的丛林 There's enough to transform barren coral atolls into fertile groves.
有一种植物漂流者在寻找 新陆地时无需帮助 There is one plant castaway that needs no help in finding new land...
这种植物或许比其它植物更能改变 a plant that has probably done more
岛屿生物的前途 to change the fortunes of island life than any other,
任何时候都是最伟大的长途旅行家 and one of the greatest long-distance travellers of all time.
卑微的椰果 The humble coconut.
种子是一个坚实的求生舱 Its seed is a compact survival capsule.
有浮力且装满了胚牙的食物 Buoyant and filled with food for germination,
它能在海里生存二个月以上 it can survive for up to two months at sea...
长到足够从一个偏远岛屿 漂到下一个岛屿 ...long enough to float from one remote island to the next.
一旦到达 它生下根部扎进裸露的沙子里 On arrival, it lays down roots into bare sand
利用地下贮存的淡水 and taps into the reservoirs of underground freshwater.
南太平洋的大部分热带岛屿都没有椰树 Without coconuts, most of the tropical islands in the South Pacific
无论是动物还是人都不易留下定居 would have remained uninhabitable for both animals and people.
有一组群岛 因为太偏远了 There is one set of islands, however, that is so remote
以致椰果都无法抵达 that even the coconut couldn't reach it.
赤道以北 离北美最近的大陆块2500哩 North of the equator, 2,500 miles from the nearest landmass of North America,
座落着世上最偏远的群岛...夏威夷 lies the most isolated chain of islands in the world - Hawaii.
太平洋中最长的群岛 The longest archipelago in the Pacific,
夏威夷由100多个古老的火山岛屿组成 Hawaii consists of over 100 ancient volcanic islands,
连绵2000哩 stretching for 2,000 miles.
它太偏僻 3千万年来始终只有500多种动物 Yet it is so remote that less than 500 kinds of animal settled here
in 30 million years.
但它们使这里成为茂盛和富饶之地 But for those who did make it to this lush and fertile land,
人生最得意的时候 the world was their oyster.
这里椰子树被巨大的，高达7米多的桫椤树所替代 Here, coconut palms have been replaced by giant tree ferns
standing over seven metres tall.
从到达这里的13种蜘蛛起 From the 13 kinds of spider that made it here,
已演化超过100个新品种...像笑脸蜘蛛 over a 100 new species evolved - like the happy-face spider.
从只是一种果蝇逐渐变成1000种 其它的品种 From just one species of fruit fly came over 1,000 others.
而这里 毛虫也自然地变成了食肉动物 And here, caterpillars were free to become carnivores.
CATERPILLAR CRUNCHES
夏威夷有20种幸存的吸蜜鸟 Hawaii's 20 surviving species of honey creeper
也是从少数几种演化而来的 also evolved from just a few individuals.
相比海鸟 吸蜜鸟是劣等的飞行者 Compared to seabirds, honey creepers are poor fliers.
这些丛林鸟的祖先和夏威夷其它漂流者 So how did the ancestors of these forest birds
是如何到这里的? And Hawaii's other castaways get here?
答案也许是风的吹动 The answer may be blowing in the wind.
即使微风也有着巨大的影响 Even the gentlest breeze can have a huge impact.
椤树摆动并释放出轻质的孢子 Tree ferns stir and release their lightweight spores.
热的上升气流能把孢子带到 3万英尺的射流中 Thermal updrafts can carry the spores 30,000 feet into the jet stream.
甚至有些动物也有意搭乘 这些高海拨气流 And there are even animals designed to ride these high-altitude air currents.
近乎无重量的幼蛛是驾驭气流的专家 Near-weightless spiderlings are expert ballooners,
用它们的蛛丝捕风 catching the wind with their gossamer threads.
像孢子也能免费搭乘射流 Like spores, they, too, can hitch a ride on the jet stream.
温度持续30摄氏度不到时 Enduring temperatures of minus 30 degrees centigrade,
一只蜘蛛在数天内就能穿越太平洋 a spider can cross the breadth of the Pacific in a matter of days.
更大一点的昆虫和动物需要比微风 大一点的风才能带它们走 Larger insects and animals need more than a breeze to carry them away.
广袤的暖水地带是产生暴风的完美环境 Vast tracts of warm water are a perfect environment for cyclones.
地球上超过一半的暴风...约一年30次 Over half the cyclones on the planet - around 30 a year...
是来自南太平洋 form in the Pacific Ocean.
THUNDER RUMBLES
受到热带太阳的升温 Heated by the warm tropical sun,
水蒸发形成巨大的雷暴雨 water evaporates and forms massive thunderstorms,
激起龙卷风 fuelling a whirling vortex...
有些能达到500哩宽 ..in some cases up to 500 miles wide.
当龙卷风遇上岛屿时发泄了它们的狂怒 When they collide with islands, they unleash their fury.
风速超过每小时100哩 能拨起一座森林 Winds in excess of 100mph can uproot a forest.
大昆虫被吸到空中 Large insects can be sucked up into the sky...
有什么不可能是鸟 蝙蝠或是蜥蜴那? ..so why not birds, bats and lizards?
实际上 所有已知的动物都能 In fact, all these creatures are known to have been carried
被龙卷风带到数百哩外的大海 hundreds of miles out to sea by cyclones.
当风暴平息时 大部分葬身大海 When the storm subsides, most will meet a watery grave.
但非常非常幸运的几个 能安全地降落在地面 But a very, very lucky few will land on firm ground
从这些幸存者起 整座岛屿的朝代诞生了 and from these survivors, a whole island dynasty may be born.
尽管夏威夷岛是如何的偏远 如何的残酷 No matter how remote the Hawaiian islands are, or how hostile,
一种生物到来几乎就是全部了 there is one creature that has reached almost all of them.
LAVA HISSES
LAVA HISSES AND CRACKLES
鳞趾虎 The mourning gecko.
它是最后的漂流者 It is the ultimate castaway...
来自新几内亚的长途旅程的马拉松赢家 ..the marathon winner on the long journey from New Guinea.
难以相信 雌性已经放弃了交配的需求 Incredibly, the female has done away with the need for a mate.
转而替代的 只是简单产下卵而无需受精 Instead, she simply produces eggs that need no fertilisation.
一个被冲上岛的雌性就可以开创整个群体 So one single female washed up on an island could start a whole population.
除了这特别的能力外 Along with this extraordinary ability,
这些厚皮耐盐的壁虎在长距离海上航道中 these thick-skinned and salt-resistant geckos
也能在漂浮筏上生存很久的 could also survive long sea passages on rafts,
即使受到龙卷风的打击 and even the force of cyclones.
然而这里有比壁虎故事更多的事 But there is more to the gecko's story than this.
2000多年前 Less than 2,000 years ago,
发生的一些事彻底改变了动植物的分布 something happened that was to revolutionise
发生的一些事彻底改变了动植物的分布 the spread of plants and animals.
拉匹达的后裔又驾驭他们的帆船 Taking to their sailing boats once more, descendants of the Lapita
再次离开中太平洋动身寻找新的岛屿 left the central Pacific and set off again in search of new lands...
进入真正的未知世界 ..into the great unknown.
作为开拓者 他们带上了重新生活需要的一切 As pioneers, they took everything they would need to start their lives afresh.
家畜 Livestock.
用于耕种的植物 Plants for cultivation.
甚至还有椰子 Even the coconut.
当然也有一长串的偷渡者名单 But they would also have taken a long list of stowaways...
像鳞趾虎 ..like the mourning gecko.
蜥蜴作为一名漂流者再也不必依靠 This lizard was just one castaway
体力和运气抵达新陆地 which no longer had to rely on its stamina and luck to reach new lands.
它现在可以坐享其成免费搭乘 It could now hitch a free ride.
在一系列史诗般的航行中拉匹达后裔 In a series of epic voyages, the descendants of the Lapita,
现在称作波利尼西亚人 the people we now call the Polynesians,
成功开拓了偏远的南太平洋角落 succeeded in colonising the far corners of the South Pacific...
从夏威夷到新几内亚 甚至到达了新几内亚以东 from Hawaii to New Zealand, even to Easter Island,
7000哩的复活节岛 nearly 7,000 miles east of New Guinea.
如今的动物漂流者以 前所未见的速度来到新岛 In doing so, animal castaways now reached new islands at a rate never seen before,
永远改变了南太平洋的大自然 changing the nature of the South Pacific for ever.
好多年来 所罗门群岛已经成为 For years, the Solomon Islands have been home
大量咸水鳄传奇的家园 to legends of massive saltwater crocodiles.
从虚构中分享出事实 "漂流者"拍摄小组 Separating fact from fiction, the goal of the Castaways team
想要捕捉大鳄鱼生活在这些 鲜为人知岛屿上的证据 was to capture evidence that huge crocs WERE living on these little-known islands.
不顾海中巨浪 摄影师维德·费尔利 Braving the high seas, cameraman Wade Fairley
从澳大利亚穿越1000哩来到所罗门群岛 made the 1,000-mile crossing from Australia to the Solomons.
所罗门群岛由一连串近1000座 偏远岛屿组成 The Solomons are a chain of almost 1,000 remote islands.
维德需要一只船能自由地寻找 Wade would need the freedom of a boat
这些神秘的鳄鱼捕食的镜头 to stand a chance of finding these mysterious crocodiles.
Caught some dinner.
受制版片人马克·布鲁诺之邀 Joined by producer Mark Brownlow,
他们在西部省份开始二周考察 they started their two-week expedition in the Western Provinces.
CHILDREN GIGGLE
只有少量专业指引 他们不得不依靠当地的知识 With few scientific leads, they would have to rely on local knowledge.
HE SPEAKS PIDGIN
鳄鱼故事开始 由维德口译 一位能流畅说多种语言的人 The crocodile tales began, interpreted by Wade, a fluent pidgin-speaker.
噢 是么? WADE: Oh, yeah?
神圣的鳄鱼 MAN: Sacred crocodile.
- 它没有尾巴 - 不 没有尾巴 - And he's got no tail? - No, no tail.
接着爆料出四米的无尾鳄鱼 Following the tip-off of the four-metre tail-less crocodile,
他们决定晚上追查这条鳄鱼 they decided to track him down that night,
那时爬虫是最活跃的 when these reptiles are most active.
为了将打扰降至最小 To minimise disturbance,
他们用红外光扫视暗藏在红树林里的鳄鱼 they scanned the mangroves with infrared light, invisible to crocodiles.
哇 了不起 Well, that's remarkable.
我敢保证有东西在这 I would have guaranteed that we were onto something here,
但我们一条鳄鱼也没看到 but we haven't seen one crocodile.
WATER SPLASHES Ooh.
旁边一声神秘的泼溅声 Aside from a mysterious splash,
经检视确认是一条小鳄鱼 the only confirmed sightings were juveniles.
成年鳄在哪里? Where were the adults?
连接着二个晚上过去 Over the next two nights,
无尾鳄始终躲着我们 the tail-less croc continued to elude them.
时间在流逝 It was time to move on.
东面70哩 70 miles to the east,
他们到达中太平洋的拉匹达人的岛屿 they reached the island of Liapari, in the central Solomons.
我们希望拍些淡水湖里的鳄鱼 We're hoping to film some crocs in a freshwater lake,
我们听说是"斯答卡" which we...we hear is "stacka".
大问题是 The big question is,
斯答卡的鳄鱼有很多还是 斯答卡只有少量的鳄鱼? Is there going to be stacka too much crocodiles or stacka little bit?
再次他们被大鳄鱼的故事娱乐了 Once more, they were regaled by stories of giant crocodiles.
你说老人谈起过鳄鱼？ You say the old man, he talk to the crocodiles?
它们来到他...他的周围
我试着讲解它 I try to explain it.
他知道鳄鱼 他搞到过一些 He knows the crocodiles, he's got some, you know, magic...
神奇的是 他们一起工作 Magic. ...That they can work together.
但这里没有警告的词语 But there were words of warning.
当时它们没有看到或捉到什么
像小狗 小猫和猪
它们只是站在一块吃人
被吃人鳄鱼的故事搞得失去勇气了 Unnerved by tales of man-eating crocs,
马克和维德改变寻找鳄鱼湖的方向 Mark and Wade headed off in search of the crocodile lake.
一路上他们经过一些不祥的景象 On the way, they passed some sinister sights.
颅骨圣地 A skull shrine...
岛上过去猎人头的证据 evidence of the island's head-hunting past.
SPEAKS IN PIDGIN
这块圣地是因为鳄鱼湖而保留的？ So this sacred place with theYeah, yeah.
这块圣地是因为鳄鱼湖而保留的？ ..ls guarded by the crocodiles of the lake?
到达湖边 维德和马克慢慢移到 不能再近的地方 Reaching the lake, Wade and Mark edged as close as they dared.
能看到传奇中的鳄鱼么？ Would they see any of these legendary crocs?
我们不知道这里的咸水鳄有多大 (We've got no idea how big these saltwater crocs are,
我们也不敢再靠近 这太危险了 (but we don't dare get any closer - it could be too dangerous.)
那天下午 维德首次拍到2米长 体型适中的鳄鱼 That afternoon, Wade got his first shot of a modestly sized, two-metre crocodile.
尽管露营三天 他们还是没有拍到任何大鳄鱼 Despite camping out for three days, they failed to spot anything larger.
不管怎样大鳄鱼没有出来成为现实 Whatever big crocs were out there did not materialise.
起初想要一次野外的鳄鱼追捕 It was beginning to feel like a wild croc chase,
但他们决定继续前往新的岛屿 but they decided to push on to new islands.
100哩以东 他们在马罗伐泻湖停泊 A hundred miles east, they dropped anchor in Marovo Lagoon.
维德探索红树林迷宫 一流的鳄鱼地区 Wade explored the maze of mangroves - prime crocodile country.
INDISTINCT SPEECH
那是相当审慎的建议 That was rather sobering advice.
我在离河岸相当近的地方划船 I was paddling quite close to the bank...
他告诉我回来时要离开中间 he told me to come back out into the middle
因为那里是鳄鱼呆得地方 because that's where the crocodiles are.
他们叫来当地村民询求行走标桩的建议 They called in at the local village to ask their advice on where to stake out,
了解到大鳄鱼逍遥法外的担忧迹象 discovering worrying signs of big crocodiles at large.
SPEAKS IN PIDGIN
她看到这条鳄鱼冲着她来...
她叫喊着让鳄鱼退回去
当她说"回去"时鳄鱼扯她的胳膊
事故真得发生了
只有一只大鳄鱼能造成如此 令人可怕的伤害 Only a large crocodile would be capable of inflicting such a horrific injury.
村长证实 The village chief confirmed that attacks
鳄鱼对村民和家畜的 攻击次数在增加 on both the villagers and their livestock were on the increase.
我们在这伐木
他们在沼泽区伐木
这是鳄鱼实际生活的地方
我认为鳄鱼的栖息地...
已经破坏或消失了
迁移来的鳄鱼如今正在侵犯村庄 With displaced crocodiles now encroaching on villages,
冲突出现升级 there appeared to be a growing conflict.
CHILDREN SING
这是我们学校的厨房 在后面那里
在溪流那里常有鳄鱼来
你认为它是一个危险？ WADE: Do you think he's a danger?
是的 我们认为未被捕的鳄鱼 对学生和社会都是个很大的危险
谢谢你的爱... # ..Thank you for your love... #
我们真得希望这些鳄鱼必须要消灭
为了获得更多有关鳄鱼问题 To learn more about these problem crocodiles,
小组来到所罗门首府...霍尼亚拉 the team headed to the Solomons' capital, Honiara...
国际维和部队总部既管辖岛民也管鳄鱼 headquarters for the international peacekeeping force
policing both the islanders and their crocodiles.
这里有些人丢掉性命或致残的祸事 We've had some tragedies here where people have lost their life or been injured.
一点也不好 这事困扰着我们 Not nice at all, and that worries us,
我认为要有一个系统来 将这事管理在限度内 but I think we have a system to manage that
我们要拥有身负技能的小组成员 inasmuch that we've got this team of people that are skilled
训练有素的去驱逐和消灭它们 and well trained to go and destroy them.
不是我们要这样做 而是鳄鱼自找的 我们准备去这么做 Not that we really want to do that, but when it's asked for, we'll go and do it.
所以大鳄鱼有理由去不被拍到 So the large crocodiles have good reason to be camera-shy.
追捕直到抓获它 只有最狡猾的鳄鱼才能幸存下来 Hunted down, only the wiliest crocs survive.
似乎小组最好的机会是在没人的地方 It seemed that the team's best chance was away from people.
维和士兵推荐蛮荒且大部分 The peacekeepers had recommended
无人居住的瓜达康纳尔岛 the wild and mostly uninhabited coast of Guadalcanal.
接报看到一条大鳄鱼搁置在 这条孤寂的海岸 On the tip-off of a large crocodile seen laying up on this lonely stretch of beach,
维德珀廒v机藏在上次同一地方 长久的等待开始了 Wade set up his camera hide one last time and the long wait began.
马上要黎明了 在过了长长长的夜晚 什么也没有 It's almost dawn. It's been a long, long, long, long night. Absolutely nothing.
就看到一只狗和一些蟹 All I've seen is a dog and some crabs.
我只能猜想鳄鱼知道我在这 I can only figure that the crocodile knows I'm here.
它是一只大的 老练的 聪明的畜生 要相信 长了这么大 He's a big, old, smart bugger, for sure, and if he's grown that big,
绝对聪明 比我聪明 it's obviously from being smart, and he's outsmarted me.
拂晓了 三天守夜后 Yet it was at dawn, after a three-day vigil,
令人难忘的是 最终3米长的鳄鱼出现了 that an impressive, three-metre crocodile finally appeared.
最后 维德只设法拍到几分钟 In the end, Wade only managed to record
这些不喜欢拍照的巨鳄的影片 a few minutes of footage of these camera-shy giants.
但这些图像证明了巨型咸水鳄 But these images were proof of the existence
在所罗门是存在的 of large saltwater crocodiles in the Solomons...
南太平洋仍然活着传奇人物 the last living legends in the South Pacific.