我们的世界并非一成不变 Our world is not always the same.
我们的眼前就隐藏着另一个世界 Hidden from our view lies a different world.
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那里的生物与我们截然不同 Creatures utterly unlike us,
时间轴&特效：
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仿若来自外星 almost alien,
它们是世上数量最庞大的生物群体 yet they are more numerous than any other group on the planet.
压制&封装：
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欢迎来到美妙的节肢动物世界 Welcome to the fascinating world of the arthropods.
蜘蛛、蝎子和昆虫 Spiders, scorpions and insects.
如今我们有了先进的摄像技术 Today we have new camera techniques
这使得我们可以比以往更为细致地 that will allow us to review in greater details
研究它们的生活 than ever before of their lives.
它们争斗、进食 The way they fight and feed
和繁殖的方式 and reproduce.
本系列运用专门开发的3D摄像技术 This series uses specially-developed 3D camera technology
分别从野外和人造环境 to study the micro world
对这个微型世界 in extraordinary detail,
进行极其详尽的研究 both on location and in specially-constructed environments.
我们研究它们的诞生 We'll witness their birth,
它们所面临的挑战 the challenges they face,
以及它们命悬一线的时刻 and the moment when their lives hang in the balance.
这或许有助于我们理解 And that may help us understand how it is
为什么如今全世界80%的动物 that today over 80% of all animal species on this planet
都是节肢动物 are arthropods.
在这个系列中 我们将会了解到它们是 In the series, we will see the way they have evolved
如何从比较简单的马陆发展成 from the comparative simplicity of the millipede
包含数百甚至数百万个体的群体 to vast colonies that contain hundreds, even millions of individuals.
我们将目睹动物王国最非凡的变化 We'll witness the most extraordinary transmissions in the animal kingdom.
我们会看到蚂蚁耕作 We will meet ants that farm,
蜘蛛抛网捕猎 spiders that can cast their webs
虫子利用猎物遗体伪装自己 and the bug that wears the bodies of his victims as a disguise.
欢迎来到这个奇异而危险的世界！ Welcome to a strange and dangerous world!
微 型 怪 物
大卫·爱登堡
冲 突
地球上的雨林是数百万种 Our planet's rainforests are home
动物的家园 to millions of animal species.
其中近90%属于节肢动物 Nearly 90% of them are arthropods.
有人叫它们虫子 Some call them bugs,
它们都在寻找食物 and they are all searching for food.
其实 对大部分的虫子来说食物遍地都是 In fact, there's food for most of them everywhere
因为它们大多以植物为食 because over half of all bugs eat plants.
最早离水登陆的节肢动物中 Millipedes were among the first arthropods
就包括马陆 to move up out of the water onto the land.
它们能长到750条腿 They can have up to 750 legs,
30厘米长 grow to length of 30 centimeters
寿命可达7年 and live for as long as 7 years.
这种身体构造效能极高 And this body plan is so efficient
因此数亿年来基本没什么变化 that it remained largely unchanged for hundreds of millions of years.
它们的身体被分成体节 Their body is divided into segments,
每个体节都有独立的足和内部器官 each with its own set of legs and internal organs.
它的心脏贯穿全身 A heart runs entire length of it
为各个体节供应氧气 supplying each segments with oxygen.
它以腐败的叶子和植物为食 It eats decaying leaves and plants
正如4亿年前它的祖先所做的一样 just as its ancestors did over 400 million years ago.
马陆生性平和 Millipedes are peaceful creatures,
但森林并非它们独享 but they don't have the forests to themselves.
这里还有其它的多体节生物 There are other multi-segmented creatures here,
它们有着截然不同的生活方式 that have a very different way of life.
蚰蜒 Centipedes.
是肉食者 They are meat eaters.
它与马陆是近亲 Centipedes are closely related to millipedes
以其它虫子为食 and they prey on other bugs.
蚰蜒的种类多达八千多种 There are over 8000 species of them
它们全都长着毒牙 and they all have poisonous stings.
这一种生活在印度的洞穴中 This one lives in caves in India.
它们独立活动的强健足肢 Their powerful independently moving legs
使它们行动比马陆敏捷多了 make them much faster than millipedes.
这是最可怕的一种 This is the one to be feared most -
见识一下蜈蚣吧 meet scolopendra.
但它并不是这里唯一的顶级掠食者 But it is not the only top predator here.
这是坦桑尼亚的红爪蝎 This red-clawed scorpion from Tanzania
它行动没有蜈蚣那般迅速 is not as fast or as agile,
但螯和毒针 but its powerful pincers and sting
让它同样致命 make it every bit as deadly.
蝎子和蜈蚣是竞争对手 Scorpions and centipedes are competitors.
捕捉相同的猎物 They hunt the same prey,
生活在同样的区域 and in the same territory.
而正因如此 And because of that,
一旦相遇 if they meet,
就会争斗 they fight.
这只蜈蚣用尽全力 Scolopendra uses all its strength
想要穿透红爪蝎的铠甲 to try and get under red-claw's armor.
然而蝎子的防御太过强大 But the scorpion's defenses are too strong.
并非进攻让红爪蝎占了上风 It's not red-claw's attack that wins the day.
而是脆弱的防线导致了蜈蚣的落败 It's scolopendra's weak defense that loses it.
如果无法自卫 If you can't defend yourself,
在这个微型世界中 you're not likely to stay alive for long
你将活不长久 in this micro world.
澳大利亚 Australia,
这里有一种自卫方式奇特的甲虫 home to a beetle with one of the oddest defenses.
这是圆盘甲虫 This is a pie-dish beetle.
澳洲内陆的环境的确非常干燥 The Outback certainly gets very dry,
所以你可能会以为这种奇怪的甲壳 so you might think that this strange shell
只是为了收集淡水 is just for collecting water.
但这其实主要是用于防御 But its primary function is defense.
螳螂 A mantis,
通常都是猎手 normally a hunter,
但面对这样的潜在猎物 but with this potential prey,
它甚至不知道该如何下手 it doesn't know how to even begin.
然而圆盘甲虫的装甲 But the pie-dish beetle's armor
也有它的不足之处 does has its disadvantage -
它缺乏人们所说的机动性 it's not what you might call maneuverable.
澳洲别的昆虫拥有不同的防御策略 Other Australian insects have a different defensive strategy.
这种竹节虫 This stick insect
通过伪装隐藏自己 relies on camouflage to make it invisible,
但这也是有代价的 but that, too, comes at a cost.
棍子一样的身体让它很难飞行 Being shaped like a stick makes it difficult to fly.
所以一旦被天敌发现 So if the predator does find it,
它将很难脱身 it could be done for.
这只猎人蛛 A huntsman spider
已经准备好发动攻击了 and it's ready to strike.
它是所有蜘蛛中最为迅速敏捷的 It's one of the fastest and most agile of all spiders,
但竹节虫根本没想逃跑 But the stick insect doesn't even try to escape.
因为它还有一个杀手锏 She has a weapon of a last resort.
它头部后面的腺体能喷射出一种乳状物 A milky substance from the glands behind her head.
喷射距离可达半米 The spray can reach half a meter.
其储量足以让它喷射多次 And she has enough to have a few goes before running dry.
这让森林里弥漫着薄荷的味道 It fills the forest with the sense of peppermint.
对猎人蛛来说 这是难以忍受的刺激物 To the huntsman, it's an unbearable irritant.
现在竹节虫可以安然进食了 So the stick insect is free to graze in peace.
从它们初现在陆地上时起 Ever since they first appeared on land,
节肢动物们就为了食物、地盘 the arthropods have been fighting one and another
以及配偶而争斗不休 over food, over territory, over a mate.
它们为此而发展出的方式 And the ways they have developed in order to do so
真的令人瞠目 are truly astonishing.
在世界上任何一处森林的地面上 On the floor of forests almost anywhere in the world,
都有它们的身影： you will find these -
投弹甲虫 bombardier beetles.
它们看上去相当无害 They look fairly harmless,
但没多少动物会傻到去招惹它们 but not many creatures are foolhardy enough to try and eat them.
一只螳螂 A mantis.
有些螳螂非常巨大且强壮 Some mantises are so large and strong,
甚至能杀死小鸟 they can even kill small birds.
甲虫就更不在话下了 A beetle should be easy,
但这只例外 but not this one.
甲虫在遭受攻击后的几分之一秒内 A fraction of a second after the mantis strikes.
把炙热的气体和腐蚀性化学物质喷到 The beetle squirts hot gas and caustic chemicals
螳螂的脸上 in its face.
这些化学物质由甲虫的腹部反应生成 The chemicals are produced by a reaction in its abdomen,
可以瞬间产生足够的热量 which generates enough heat
使液体升温接近沸点 to bring the liquid close to boiling point.
这对体型较小的动物来说是致命的 The bombardier's spray can be deadly to smaller creature.
但螳螂体型够大 But the mantis is large
从而幸免 and it survives。
甲虫也躲过一劫 As does the beetle.
这里是非洲大草原 On the African savanna,
但凡有灰尘和旱地的地方 there is a hunter that set its traps
就有这种猎手所设的陷阱 wherever there is dust or dry land.
这是蚁狮的幼虫 This is the larva of an antlion.
蚁狮的成虫 As an adult,
看起来有点儿像蜻蜓 it will look something like a dragonfly.
成年后它们的唯一任务就是交配 And then its sole purpose will be to mate.
届时它将几乎不进食 It will barely even eat.
但现在 作为幼虫 But now, as a larva,
它的使命就是进食和成长 its task is to feed and grow.
为了这个目的 And to do that,
它在沙子里挖了个陷阱 it digs a pit trap in the sand
把自己埋在底部 and buries itself at the bottom.
嘴部朝上 Jaws uppermost.
它能够猛烈地仰起头部 It can jerk its head so violently
将砂粒像子弹一样射出去 that it can shoot up sand grains like bullets.
现在它在等待 And now it waits.
一只蚂蚁进入了陷阱 An ant wanders into the pit
失足落到下面 and loses its foothold.
它没法爬出去 The ant can't climb out.
因为它脚下的沙子在不断陷落 The sand slips from under its feet.
最终它精疲力尽 Eventually it tires.
蚁狮将它拖入沙下 And the antlion drags it beneath the sand
并且吃掉 and devours it.
对蚁狮来说 For the antlion,
隐藏起来是很好的捕猎方法 remaining hidden is a good way to hunt.
森林里有很多地方 And there are a multitude of places to do that
适合设陷阱 in a forest.
这里有一些掠食者 Here, there are predators
能够发动最完美的伏击 that set perhaps the most perfect of all ambushes.
这只雌性螲蟷 This female trapdoor spider
在地穴中生活并盖上树叶进行伪装 lives in a burrow with a camouflaged lid.
它20年的生命都将在此度过 And she will stay here for her entire 20-year life.
它在地道口周围 Around the burrow,
用优质蛛丝布下一个隐形的网络 she's laid out a network of invisibly fine strands of silk.
任何绊上的东西都会遭到攻击 She'll punch on anything that trips on them.
它会时不时地 Occasionally, she tests
检查一下陷阱盖子是否开关无碍 to see that her door opens smoothly.
但它通常是在等待 But mostly she waits.
它会将猎物拖进地道 She pulls her prey into the burrow
这样就能安全而悠哉地 so that she can eat it in safety
享用美餐 and at her leisure.
有些虫子的伪装异常出色 But some bugs have such perfect camouflage,
就算将自己完全暴露出来 they are virtually invisible
也很难发现它们的存在 even though they're totally exposed.
掠食者会用伪装去捕猎而不被发现 Predators use camouflage to hunt their prey unseen.
而猎物则运用伪装防止被猎食 Their victims use it to avoid being found and eaten.
但伪装也能成为强力武器 But disguise can be a potent weapon.
在东非森林里 In the forest of East Africa,
一种昆虫将它的伪装 one insect has taken its camouflage
推向诡异甚至可怖的极限 to a bizarre and somewhat gruesome extreme.
这是一只猎蝽 This is an assassin bug.
我们能轻易发现它 To us, it's easy enough to spot
因为它正在移动 because it moves.
对它的猎物而言 To its prey,
这无关紧要 that's irrelevant
因为它闻起来像是它们中的一员 because it smells like one of their member.
猎蝽把猎物吸干 The assassin sucks its victims dry
将剩下的空壳粘在背上 and glues their empty husks onto its back.
这只已经背着至少20具尸体了 This one is already carrying at least 20 corpses.
这种不规则的外形 Its irregular shape makes it hard
让其它掠食者很难发现 for other predators to spot it
而且能完全骗过它的猎物 and makes it virtually invisible to its prey -
蚂蚁 ants.
它畅通无阻地闯进了一个蚁穴 It enters this ant colony unchallenged.
背部的蚂蚁尸体掩盖了自己的气味 Its coat of ant corpses masks its own odor.
对蚂蚁来说 它闻起来跟自己一样 To the ants, it smells like one of their own.
这一点至关重要 And that's what matters.
它们甚至会爬到猎蝽身上 They'll even run straight over the top of it.
猎蝽感到饥饿时 The assassin simply takes the ants
就能轻易吃到蚂蚁 whenever it feels hungry.
而每个牺牲者的尸体 And the body of each victim
又加强了它的伪装 then adds to its disguise.
虫子的世界里冲突无处不在 Conflict pervades the bug world.
这塑造了它们的身体 It shapes their bodies.
决定了它们的生活方式 It dictates their life styles.
正如躲在砂层下面的蚁狮 The antlions beneath the sand,
20年如一日地生活在地穴里的螲蟷 The trapdoor spiders, 20 years in a burrow.
它们无比繁多的种类 And it's their extraordinary diversity
确保了它们的成功 that underpins their success.
在下期节目里 In the next program,
我们将关注节肢动物中的掠食者 I'll look at arthropod predators
这些动物们 These are the creatures
只有猎杀才能糊口 that must kill in order to eat.
它们进化出了各种超凡的捕食技巧 They have evolved the most extraordinary ways to do so.
和各种不同捕食形式 And they take many forms.
我们将会看到 We will meet a spider
一种可以抛射蛛网的蜘蛛 that has turned its web into a casting net.
还会见识到另一种蜘蛛的狩猎绝技 We will witness the ingenious hunting tactics of another spider
它以其它蜘蛛为食 that prays on its fellows.
我们将遇到将水面当做雷达 We'll meet creatures that use the surface of the water
来探寻猎物的动物 like a radar dish to detect their prey.
还有可以驯化蟑螂的奇特寄生蜂 And an extraordinary wasp that tames a cockroach,
这样它的幼虫就能以活蟑螂为食 so her young can eat it alive.
我们将面对 We'll encounter
微型世界中最致命的生物 the most deadly creatures of the micro world.