野性加拿大
大卫·铃木 David Suzuki
最后一个冰河时代末期 The end of the last Ice Age
标志着现代加拿大的诞生 signalled the birth of modern Canada.
但数千年以来 But thousands of years later,
北方的大部分地区依旧冰雪覆盖 much of the north is still buried under ice.
加拿大的其它地区已经有所发展 People have shaped and exploited other areas of Canada,
但严寒和冰雪 but the ice and cold
使依然北方保持原貌 have made the far north seem impenetrable.
鲜有人或动物把这里当成家 Few people or animals feel at home here.
不到百分之一的北美洲哺乳动物 Less than 1% of North American mammals
能够全年都生活在森林线上 can survive year-round above the tree line.
冰雪划定了北极圈 Ice defines the Arctic,
冰雪上发生的事情 and what happens to ice here
将会影响整个地球 will influence the entire planet.
第四集 冰河时代
有一种动物比其牠所有动物都适合在北极生活 Ice suits one creature more than any other in the Arctic...
北极熊 The Polar bear.
去年秋天 熊妈妈在冻土上造了一个窝 Last fall, this mother built her den in the frozen ground
过了冬天又生了两只小宝宝 and gave birth to a pair of cubs over winter.
牠已经八个月没吃东西了 She hasn't eaten for eight months.
体重减少了一半 But she's lost almost half her body weight,
牠靠一件双层皮毛大衣 and relies on a double-layered coat of fur
来保持体温 to keep warm.
牠需要尽快找到食物 She needs to find food soon.
但牠必须要等到 But she will have to wait
小崽们长大些 until her cubs are confident enough
能够走很长路程才行 to travel long distances.
小崽们无忧无虑 They have no immediate worries,
因为牠们的妈妈会一直照顾牠们大概两年 as their mother will nurse them for around two years.
所以现在 牠们可以尽情学习和玩耍 So for now, they can explore and play.
冰将成为牠们最要好的伙伴 The ice that will become their greatest ally
起初只是新奇 is at first strange and new.
在早春 In early spring,
这一家子要在浮冰融化之前走数百公里 this family will travel hundreds of kilometres
才能到达狩猎地 to reach hunting grounds
before the break up of the sea ice.
北极熊有许多办法来捕猎海豹 Polar bears hunt seals in many different ways,
但是都要依赖于浮冰 but they all rely on sea ice.
对没有生活在这里的人们而言 To anyone who hasn't spent their life here,
北极冰似乎只是单一的巨型冰块 Arctic ice appears to be a single entity.
实际上 它有许多不同形式 In fact, it takes many different forms
无论陆地上还是海洋里 both on land and sea,
大量不同年龄的、一致性和形式 varying massively in age, consistency, and behaviour.
北部的一些社团 Some communities in the north
有70个不同的词来描述浮冰, have 70 different words to describe sea ice,
甚至比雪还要多 even more than they have for snow.
冰能够形成许多不同的东西 Ice can be many different things,
从巨大的冰川 from gigantic glaciers
到最小的冰晶 to the smallest crystals,
还有一些令人惊讶的方式 and some ice behaves in astonishing ways.
条件合适的时候 With the right conditions,
北极冰奇迹的秘密之一 one of the Arctic's secret ice wonders
开始形成 starts to grow.
它们被称为霜花 They are called frost flowers,
当气温骤降 a phenomenon where beautiful patterns of ice
一个现象 form on the frozen sea
出现在美丽的冰冻之海 when temperatures suddenly plummet.
没有人知道它们为什么这样 No one knows for sure why they form,
但是科学家发现 but scientists know
它们含有高浓度的细菌 that they contain a high concentration of bacteria,
生命的基石 the building blocks of life.
出现仅几小时 Only hours after they appear,
它们复杂的结构就开始消失 their intricate structures start to fade,
最后踪迹全无 leaving no trace behind.
浮冰几乎总是变化不定 Sea ice is almost always in flux,
并且能够变得各种各样 and it can move in all sorts of ways.
看到冰冻的海平线 Seen from the level of the frozen sea,
就像是悬崖爬到了天上 it looks as if the cliffs are climbing to the sky.
但这种幻像 But this illusion is created
来自于世界上最大的潮汐 by some of the largest tides in the world,
有一些还在继续长大 which are still flowing underneath the ice.
当潮水回来时 When the tide comes back in,
临时冰涯再一次消失 the temporary ice cliffs vanish once again.
这种景观就像呼吸一样 This landscape appears to breathe.
这些强有力的潮汐隐藏着机会 These forceful tides present hidden opportunities,
同时也极其危险 but are also extremely dangerous.
在二月份 普通食物难以找到 With all other traditional food sources
hard to find in february,
这些猎手决定冒一次险 these hunters will take the risk.
他们知道在最低潮的时候 They know that at the lowest tides,
在厚冰层下面的海水回落至很远 the sea under the thick ice retreats so far back
如果你知道要找什么 that if you know what to look for,
你就能找到冰层下面稳固的空间 you can find stable hollow spaces under the ice.
这给了他们一条路 This gives them access
让他们得到丰厚的海底赏金 to the rich bounty of the seabed.
他们把这个代代相传 It's knowledge that has been passed down
from generation to generation.
他们乐意冒这种 They are willing to risk the danger
头上几公分就是数吨重的冰的风险 from tonnes of ice
just centimetres above their heads,
就是为了不太确定的富有营养的食物 all for an unlikely source of nutritious food...
成千上万的贻贝 Thousands of rich mussels,
足够养活他们全家 enough to feed all their families.
涨潮前他们只有不到一小时的工作时间 They have less than an hour to collect them
before the tide returns.
开始涨潮时 When the sea starts to come back,
他们没有多余时间可以浪费 there's no time to lose.
他们必须在海水灌满冰隙 They must leave now before the cave fills with seawater,
把他们埋在冰下之前离开 trapping them beneath the ice.
片刻之后 冰洞填充完毕 In moments, the ice seals over,
好像从来没人到过那里 and there's no trace of anyone having been there.
像因钮特人一样 Like the Inuit,
整年都呆在北极的动物 the animals that live year round in the Arctic
也知道发掘本地资源 also know how to exploit local conditions
找到隐藏食物 to find hidden food.
即使大海在冬天结冰 Even though the sea freezes over winter,
也有地方 there are places
风使水不结冰 where the current and wind keeps the water open.
称作冰间湖 它们确实像绿洲 Called Polynyas, they act like oases,
对动物有吸引力 and are magnets for animals.
在哈德逊湾中部 In the middle of Hudson Bay,
常见的绒鸭鸭 common Eider ducks are drawn
在像飞行一样在水下划水 to one of these patches of open water
来寻找食物 to find food.
牠们看起来像是在飞 They appear to fly
牠们下潜15米 as they dive to depths of 15 metres
搜寻海床上面的食物 to forage on the ocean floor.
牠们在寻找贻贝和海胆 They are looking for mussels and urchins.
牠们的消化液非常强劲 Their digestive juices are so powerful
牠们可以吃蚌类 贝壳和其他所有能吃的东西 that they can eat the mussels, shells and all.
牠们呼吸一次可以潜很长距离 They can dive a long way on a single breath,
回到海面只需几秒钟 knowing the way back up only takes seconds.
在深冬 In the deep winter,
伴随着寒风就像到了零下70度 with a wind chill that makes it feel like -70,
缺口开始结冰 the opening in the sea ice is starting to close.
没有了无冰的海面 Without open water,
鸟儿们开始减肥求生存 the birds have slim chances of survival.
稍强壮的鸟儿们感觉到发生了什么 The stronger birds sense what's happening
飞到别处寻找新的水源 and fly off to find new water,
牠们甚至不知道要飞多远 even though they have no idea how far that might be,
是否能找到 or if they'll make it.
留下来也很冒险 But to stay is also risky.
气温升高才能使水面开放 The temperature needs to warm up to keep the water open.
某些时候 At some indefinable point,
牠们别无选择 the ducks' options are gone.
牠们体能逐渐耗尽 Their energy is fading,
无法潜水找到更多食物 and they can't dive to get more food.
可怜的鸭子 Sadly for the ducks,
海面结冰不可阻挡 the march of the ice here is unstoppable.
到了四月 By April,
太阳又回到一天照耀12小时 the sun is back for a good 12 hours each day,
大地逐渐变暖 and the land gradually warms.
温度上升 促使冰雪融化 The rise in temperatures triggers the spring melt,
北极发生了巨大的变化 a period of frenetic change and activity in the Arctic...
聚集在浮冰边缘 Which is focused at the floe edge,
海水和浮冰的分界线 the boundary between the open water and sea ice.
浮冰成了这里一年中打开生命之花盛开的钥匙 It's the ice that is the key
to the blooming of life here at this time of year.
长链藻类生长 Long strands of algae grow,
养活了大量的微生物 which feed vast blooms of microscopic plankton,
每年春天都大规模爆发 the food for the explosion of life here each spring.
在冰层下面 Under the ice,
两倍的生产力 there is twice the productivity
出现在这片开放的海域 that would occur in the open ocean.
鱼 比如北极鳕鱼 Fish, like the Arctic cod...
海鸟 Seabirds...
巨大的哺乳动物 比如海豹 And large mammals, like the seal,
都被吸引到这里 are all drawn in.
几周内 In a matter of weeks,
这片看起来荒凉的冻海 this seemingly desolate frozen sea
变成了生命的热区 has become a hotspot for life...
那标志着北极顶级捕食者的 And that means it's the perfect time
美好时刻已来到 for the Arctic's top predator to show up.
春天 在浮冰边缘 It's springtime at the floe edge,
北极熊来到这里猎杀海豹 and Polar bears are here to hunt ringed seals.
海豹在冰面上晒太阳的时候很容易受到攻击 Seals are most vulnerable when basking on the sea ice,
因此牠们选择 so they choose open areas
能够看到或嗅到靠近的捕食者的开阔地带 where they can see and smell approaching predators.
北极熊又饿了 The Polar bear goes hungry...
Again.
狩猎十有八九以失败而告终 Nine out of every ten hunts end in failure.
北极熊很少停止寻找食物 The Polar bear rarely stops looking for food,
这里食物充足 and there's plenty around here.
北极熊不是这里唯一 Polar bears are not the only big predators
猎杀海豹的大型猎手 who have come to the floe edge to find seals.
鱼叉准备完毕 With harpoon ready,
因纽特猎人耐心等待洞口完全静止 the Inuit hunter patiently waits perfectly still by a seal hole.
这与北极熊的做法如此相似 The approach is so similar to the bear's
很难不去想 数千年前 that it's hard not to suppose
因纽特人是从北极熊这里获得灵感 that the Polar bear inspired the Inuit
thousands of years ago.
今天 这只海豹不是为人类准备的 Today, this seal isn't for the humans.
注定是猎人的狗群 It's destined for the hunter's pack of dogs
把牠带离浮冰边缘 that brought him out to the floe edge.
这些肉极富营养 The meat is so rich and nutritious
能够这些狗支撑数天 that it will keep the dogs fed for days.
北极熊最终的吃到了海豹 Finally, the Polar bear has succeeded in getting a seal.
但牠用了极不寻常的方式 But he's gone about it in a most unusual way.
牠发现了狗吃剩的残渣 He's found the leftovers of the dogs' dinner...
令牠们很不爽 Much to their distress.
牠必须在浮冰融化狩猎困难之前 He has to build up enough fat reserves
花费整个夏天建立起脂肪储备 to last throughout the summer,
as hunting will become much harder
when the sea ice melts.
一位母亲带着两个一岁的幼崽 A mother and two yearling cubs
来到悬崖下的浮冰边缘 arrive at the foot of cliffs near the floe edge.
牠瘦得皮包骨头 极度需要食物 She's skinny and desperately needs food.
成千上万 The thousands of murres
在海峡绝壁上造巢的 who are starting to nest on narrow cliff ledges
海鸦引起了牠的注意 have caught her attention.
饥肠辘辘的母亲带着一个小崽 The hungry mother heads up the cliff to investigate,
小心地审视着山崖 taking one cub with her.
在今年晚些时候 Later in the year,
北极熊一家将会吃到丰盛的鸟蛋和幼鸟大餐 the bears will feast on murre eggs and chicks,
但是现在 but right now,
成鸟难以企及 the adult birds are just too hard to reach.
另一个小崽仍旧呆在浮冰上 The second cub, still on the ice,
牠幸运的得到了一只受伤的海鸦 gets lucky when it finds an injured murre.
这是小小的但极需的一餐 This makes for a small but much-needed meal.
在山崖上 Up at the top of the cliff,
母亲和宝宝哪里也没去成 the mother and cub aren't getting anywhere.
小崽只好去吃苔藓 The cub resorts to eating moss.
落单的幼崽赶上家里的其他人 The lone cub catches up with the rest of the family...
重聚令全家很高兴 And they are happily reunited.
在雪上 爬上去又滑下来 And on snow, what goes up must slide down.
在下面 牠们的企望总算有了回报 At the bottom, their interest in the murres finally pays off.
母亲终于找到了食物 The mother is able to feed as well.
牠需要吃东西 She needs to eat
因为牠还要给幼崽喂奶 as she is still providing milk for the cubs.
这个紧密的家庭要一起呆到明年 This tight family unit will stay together
until next year,
到那时 幼崽将会离开家族独立生活 and then the cubs will head off and fend for themselves.
春天的脚步更近了 As spring continues,
浮冰开始消融 the sea ice starts to break up.
即使是比任何人都了解这些冰的因纽特人 Even for the Inuit,
都觉得现在的冰比往年难以预测 who know this ice better than anyone,
the ice is much more unpredictable now
than in years past.
狗狗们能通过脚掌来洞察冰的厚度和强度 The dogs can sense the thickness and stability of the ice
through their paws,
所以这比骑摩托雪橇更多一重保护 and so offer more protection than riding on a snowmobile.
渐渐地 融化的速度在加快 Gradually, the speed of the break-up accelerates.
在冰上生活的动物们过得更难了 Life for those who depend on the ice
becomes more precarious.
随着温度升高 冰的破碎在继续 With rising temperatures, the fragmentation continues
冰面间形成了长长的裂缝 and creates long passages between ice sheets
被称作冰谷 called leads.
神奇的独角鲸 The magical narwhal,
长着螺旋形的长牙 with its spiralled elongated tooth,
一直在等待这一刻 have been waiting for this moment.
没有背鳍 With no dorsal fin,
牠们非常适合北极生活 they are perfectly adapted to the Arctic.
冰裂开的时候 They can dive under and between the ice
牠们可以在潜到冰下和冰隙间 the moment it begins to break up.
牠们在水湾里长游 They are heading up long inlets
来寻找一个养育幼鲸的安全地方 to find a safe place to raise their calves.
这种破冰现象 This break-up signals
表明北极北极短暂而热烈的夏天已经开始 the start of the short but intense Arctic summer.
每个夏天 Each summer,
北极风光都不尽相同 the Arctic landscape is transformed.
半数以上的北极海冰都会融化 More than half of all the Arctic sea ice melts.
现在北极冰块正以难以想像的速度 And now it's disappearing at a faster rate
融化着 than anyone could imagine.
我们依旧不清楚 We still don't know
这些变化将对这里产生怎样的影响 how these changes will affect the life here.
尽管海象常常在冰上休息 Although walrus use ice to rest on,
牠们也喜欢在岩石上晒太阳 they also love to bask on rocks in the summer sun.
海象是食底泥动物 Walrus are bottom feeders.
牠们用嘴巴吸水 They shoot water from their mouths
来取食蚌类 to excavate clams.
灵敏的触须 Sensitive bristles
帮助牠们用大而有力的嘴唇 help find them in the muddy seabed,
从海底淤泥里把牠们吸出来 then they suck them out with their huge rubbery lips.
夏日的阳光在内陆冻土地带引发了一个巨大的反应 The summer's heat also triggers a massive change inland,
on the tundra.
随着雪的融化 As the snow melts,
北美雌驯鹿向北行进了几百公里 female caribou migrate hundreds of kilometres
来到繁殖地 to their calving grounds in the far north.
牠们之中半数以上 More than half of all the females
将会在相近的几天内生产 will give birth within a few days of each other.
这被称作 超量满足 It's called "predator swamping."
这个夏天 冰融化得格外早 This year, the summer melt has come early,
所以河里水流很急 so the river current is strong.
积雪太软了 The soft snow makes it hard
使怀孕的北美驯鹿的迁移更加困难 for the pregnant caribou to get out.
但北美驯鹿是地球上最顽强的动物之一 But caribou are some of the most resilient animals
on earth.
在一年里最长的白天之一 On one of the longest days of the year,
雌鹿们开始生产了 the mothers start to give birth.
仅仅几分钟 新生命便站起来了 Within minutes, the newborn calf is up on its feet.
几小时内 牠就能走得很好了 Within hours, he can walk well.
只要几天 牠就能跟上妈妈的脚步 And within days, he can keep up with his mother
走很远的路 over long distances.
葱翠的植物在24小时不间断的光照下 Fresh green vegetation grows vigorously
迅速生长 with the 24-hour sunlight,
给雌鹿提供了丰富的营养 and gives the mother the energy
使牠们能产出充足的奶水 to produce rich milk.
现在 在北极 Today, across the Arctic,
驯鹿的数量大幅下降 caribou numbers are falling dramatically.
牠们精密的生物钟 Their finely tuned body clocks are out of sync
与现在的季节发生了偏差 with the variability of the seasons now.
在这个最关键的时候 At the height of this most productive time,
牠们跟许多其牠物种共同生活在冻土之上 they share the tundra with many other species.
没有树 But with no trees,
鸟巢极易受到 nesting birds are vulnerable
像北极狐之类肉食动物的攻击 to predators like the Arctic fox.
加拿大雁使自己变大看起来很恐怖 Canada geese make themselves big and threatening.
但狐狸醉翁之意不在酒 But the fox is not actually after the birds.
狐狸把蛋埋起来 The fox buries the egg,
因为牠知道最困难的日子在前面 knowing that harder times lie ahead.
当捕食困难的时候 It can return to the exact spot at any time for a ready meal
牠能够在任何时候准确找到埋藏地 when there's less easy prey about.
在北极 In the Arctic,
牠是在收获 it's all about reaping the rewards
也是在回报 when they are on offer.
对于一些北极动物来说 It's harder for some Arctic animals
适应变化的环境比其他地方动物更加困难 to adapt to their changing world
than others.
随着冰季变短 As the ice season gets shorter,
北极熊狩猎的时间更少了 Polar bears have less time to hunt.
在整个漫长 温暖的夏季 During the longer, warmer summers,
牠们的新陈代谢变缓 以此来保持能量 their metabolism slows right down to conserve energy.
有一些熊没有捕到足够的海豹 Some bears that didn't catch enough seals
只好吃海藻填饱牠们的肚子 eat seaweed to fill their stomachs.
还从多刺的灌木上摘下浆果 Others pluck individual berries off thorny bushes...
但这些小打小闹 But these are slim pickings
离牠们对能量的需求还差很远 and provide nowhere near enough calories
for the bears.
他们需要的是脂肪和蛋白质 What they need is fat and protein,
这意味着牠们必须继续捕食 and that means they must hunt.
在魁北克北部地区 一些聪明的熊 A few ingenious bears in Northern Quebec
发现在一年之中这个时候在这里能捕到红点鲑 have learned that Arctic char can be found here
at this time of the year.
这些鱼不能在寒冷的冬季海洋里生存 The fish can't survive in the icy winter ocean,
所以牠们需要在变得太冷之前到达内陆 so they all return inland before it gets too cold.
这让等候牠们的北极熊们 And this gives the waiting Polar bears
有机会抓住牠们 a chance to catch them.
北极熊善长冰上作战 Polar bears hunt best in and around ice.
在这里牠们需要改变战术 They need a new strategy here.
不同于灰熊 And unlike grizzly bears,
这样的追逐并不像看起来那样容易 this kind of chase doesn't seem to come easy to them.
最后 这只熊吃到了蛋白质大餐 At last, this bear gets a meal with some protein.
但是对于住在海岸的北极熊来说 But for the Polar bears that stayed at the coast,
结冰有点太迟了 the ice can't return fast enough.
在盛夏 At the height of summer
加拿大北极圈地区 in the Canadian Arctic,
数千头白鲸来到索默塞特岛 thousands of beluga whales head to somerset island
进行季节性聚会 for a seasonal get-together.
就像独角鲸一样 Like the narwhal,
牠们为适应北极生活发生了改变 they're adapted for a life in the Arctic.
牠们没有背鳍 They don't have a dorsal fin,
牠们体内积聚了大量的脂肪 and they have a huge amount of blubber,
超过了体重的一半 up to 50% of their body weight.
但牠们还没有到这里进食 But they haven't come here to feed.
牠们到这里来进行同样重要的水疗 They are here for the equivalent of a health spa.
这个浅浅的河口混合了淡水和海水 This shallow estuary contains a mix of fresh and sea water
比深海暖和一些 which is warmer than the open ocean.
水和砾石成了牠们的身体磨砂膏 The water and gravel allow them to have a body scrub,
帮助牠们除掉老化皮肤 which helps get rid of their old skin.
牠们似乎很享受 They appear to love it.
但白鲸不敢太放松 But beluga can't relax too much.
牠们必需面对一个新威胁 They face new threats
归因于夏天的气候变化 caused by the changing summer conditions.
通常认为虎鲸很难 Killer whales have traditionally found it hard
在北极猎杀牠们 to hunt in the Arctic
都归因于牠们巨大的背鳍 because of their massive dorsal fin,
甚至有的比成年人还要高 which can be taller than an adult human.
牠们不能在冰层下游太远 They aren't able to travel far under the sea ice
因为牠们的背鳍 because of their dorsal fin,
影响了牠们浮出水面和呼吸的能力 which interferes with their ability
to surface and breathe.
但随着海冰逐渐融化 But as more of the sea ice is melting,
牠们似乎越来越多 they appear to be increasing in number,
从大西洋来到这里 coming in from the Atlantic
猎杀像独角鲸白鲸这样的大型海洋哺乳动物 to hunt large marine mammals like beluga and narwhal.
许多人认为牠们正迅速成为 Many feel they are fast becoming
北极地区新的顶级捕食者 the Polar region's top new predator.
尽管北极熊能够游很远 Although Polar bears can swim vast distances,
但在无冰地区捕猎几乎是不可能的 hunting in an ice-free ocean is virtually impossible.
现在我们知道在未来的几十年内 We now know that the sea ice will be gone in the summer
北极海冰在夏天将会消失 within a few decades.
很久以来 For so long,
加拿大北部地区 the far north of Canada was a stable haven
成了为适应严寒而作出改变的 for the animals that were adapted
动物们的庇护所 to life in the extreme cold.
它看起来过于庞大和极端 And it seemed to be a place too vast and too extreme
似乎人类对它没有什么影响 to be affected dramatically by people.
但事实并非如此 But that didn't turn out to be the case.
很长时间以来 From a distance, and unintentionally,
人类无意之中 humans have triggered the massive changes
引起这里发生着巨大变化 now underway here.
北极的未来不可预测 The future is uncertain in an Arctic landscape
这里正发生着 that is undergoing
地球历史上 some of the most intense and rapid fluctuations
最剧烈的变化之一 in the history of the planet.
自从15000年前 Ever since the melting of the continental ice sheet
大陆冰原开始融化 began 15,000 years ago,
动物和人类一样 animals and humans alike
都在改变着加拿大的风景 have shaped the landscapes of Canada.
我们影响的速度和规模正在加剧 And humans continue to play a defining role,
并且人类继续扮演着最重要的角色 although the speed and scale of our influence
is accelerating.
加拿大独特的自然历史 Canada's unique natural history has created
创造了地球上最美丽富饶的国家之一 one of the richest and most beautiful countries on earth...
至少在现在是令人称奇的野生世界 And one that, at least for now, remains surprisingly wild.
翻译 安小妮