苏格兰高地的喀里多尼亚松林 The Caledonian pinewoods of the Scottish Highlands.
是凯恩戈姆国家公园最古老的土地之一 This patch in the Cairngorms National Park is one of the oldest
这片古老的野生森林遗迹 remnants of this ancient, wild wood.
同样是一部古老的戏剧舞台 It's the stage for an equally ancient drama.
林地金雕 Woodland-dwelling golden eagles.
这些鸟显然在空旷的原始森林 These birds are clearly at home amongst the open,
落地安家 old-growth forest.
金雕曾经飞往英国及爱尔兰的大部分高地 Golden eagles once flew across much of the uplands of Britain
但现在许多地区都见不到了 and Ireland, but are now absent from many areas
由于人类的迫害 due to human persecution.
所以它们巨大的三米高巢穴就在这个边缘 So, their huge, three-metre nest on the edge of this
木材现在已是稀罕之物 wood is now a rare sight.
这个巢是两只成年雏鸟的家 The nest is home to two fully-grown chicks
对金雕来说不同寻常 unusual for golden eagles,
在80%的巢穴中 强壮的雏鸟会杀死弱小的雏鸟 whose stronger chick kills the weaker in 80% of the nests.
今天 雏鸟们只分到一只小黄鼠狼 Today, the chicks have only been given a tiny weasel.
这可能是告诉它们该离开的一种方式 It could be a way of telling them it's almost time to leave.
这些原生松树林只剩下1% Only 1% of these native pine forests are left,
所以当幼鸟长出羽毛 so when the chicks do fledge,
它们找到属于自己巢穴的机会很小 their chances of finding a woodland nest of their own are slim.
像这样的古老林地现在非常稀少和珍贵 Ancient woodlands like these are now rare and precious.
这棵壮观的橡树对我来说是一棵非常特别的树 This magnificent oak is a very special tree for me.
我知道已经有70多年了 I've known it for over 70 years.
这听起来可能很长 That may sound a long time,
但这只相当于这棵树生命的十分之一 but it's only about a tenth of the life of this tree.
它可能有700多年的历史了 It's probably over 700 years old.
仅在英格兰 我们拥有的古橡树就比整个英国都多 In England alone, we have more ancient oaks than the whole
是欧洲其他国家的总和 of the rest of Europe put together.
自从我出生以来 我们已经失去了几乎一半的原始林地 But since I was born, we have lost almost half of our ancient woodland,
现在欧洲是森林覆盖最少的国家之一 and now we are one of the least forested countries in Europe.
森林仅占不列颠群岛的13% Woodland covers only 13% of the British Isles,
人类的影响随处可见 and human influence can be seen in every single bit of it.
但尽管如此 林地里还是有很多不同的物种 But despite this, there's a remarkable variety in the woodland
仍然存在 that remains.
北方的松树 Pines in the north
南方阔叶林 broadleaved woodlands in the south
还有西部海岸的温带雨林 and even rainforests temperate ones along our western shores.
在这期节目中 我们将带你进行一次季节性旅行 In this episode, we'll take you on a seasonal journey,
来观察动植物如何应对生命的挑战 to see how animals and plants respond to the challenges of life
在我们不断变化的林地里 in our ever-changing woodlands.
我们的旅程从迪恩森林开始 Our journey starts here in the Forest of Dean.
现在是冬季 It's winter.
微弱的太阳光带来的温暖很少 The low, weak sun brings little warmth.
对一些动物来说这是睡觉的时间 For some, this is a time for slumber.
一只小小的睡鼠正在冬眠 Hidden away, a tiny dormouse is hibernating.
但不是所有的林地居民都能睡上一整个冬天 But not all the woodland residents can sleep throughout the winter.
其中有一个特别的问题 And one, in particular, has a problem.
知更鸟 The robin.
白雪覆盖了大地 With snow blanketing the ground,
知更鸟最喜欢的食物蚯蚓够不着 the robin's favourite food earthworms are out of reach.
幸运的是 在这片森林里 救援就在眼前 Luckily, in this forest, help is at hand.
或者更确切地说是鼻子 Or rather, at snout!
野猪曾经在英国各地的林地中游荡 Wild boar once roamed woodlands right across Britain,
但到了17世纪它们就灭绝了 but they were pushed to extinction by the 17th century.
现在它们回来了 Now they're back,
尽管它们的回归并不受欢迎 and although their return hasn't been welcomed by all
但对这只知更鸟来说 它们是无价之宝 for this robin, they are invaluable.
野猪用它们强壮而敏感的鼻子刨开冻土 The boar use their strong, sensitive snouts to rip up the frozen ground.
这暴露了蚯蚓 它们是知更鸟的食物 This exposes worms and they are food for the robin.
这是一种古老关系的恢复 It's the restoration of an ancient relationship
也可能是知更鸟在花园里跟着我们的原因 and probably the reason why robins follow us around in the garden.
对它们来说 一个拿着铁锹的人只是一只两条腿的猪 For them, a human with a spade is just a pig on two legs.
当冬天松开它的束缚 花朵绽放 As winter loosens its grip flowers emerge.
雪花莲首当其冲 Snowdrops are first,
这是春天即将来临的迹象 a sure sign that spring is just around the corner.
不久 更多的花朵出现 每一朵都为黑暗的森林地面 Soon, more blooms appear, each adding a little colour
增添了一点色彩 to the dark forest floor
吸引昆虫传播花粉 and inviting insects to spread their pollen.
但当地面上的树木成为焦点时 上面的树木 But while those on the ground take centre stage the trees above
同样上演一场戏剧化的花展 put on a flower show that is just as dramatic.
柳絮在早春吸引昆虫 Willow catkins attract insects in early spring
但鸟儿也会来拜访 but small birds also visit,
享用富含蛋白质的花粉 feasting on the protein-rich pollen.
黄色的粉末从一棵树被带到另一棵树 Yellow smudges of it are carried on their foreheads from tree to tree.
柳树有雄有雌 Willow trees are either male or female,
红豆杉也是这样 and yews are like this, too.
苏塞克斯郡的这群树是英国最古老的树之一 This group in Sussex are some of the oldest trees in Britain
它们传播花粉的技术也不一样 and they have a different technique to spread their pollen.
在温暖的春天 On warm days in spring
雄树的花开了 the flowers of the male tree open
释放出巨大的花粉云 and release huge clouds of pollen.
数量如此之大 The quantities are so great
当地消防队有时会接到报告 that the local fire brigade is sometimes called out by reports
森林正在燃烧 that the forest is burning.
随着花粉的飘散 As the pollen drifts away,
有些可能会落在雌紫杉上 some of it may land on a female yew
使其受精 and, so, fertilise it.
在苏格兰高地 In the Highlands of Scotland,
有别的东西在松林中漂荡 something else drifts through the pine forests.
一只雄性松鸡的声音 The voice of a male capercaillie.
在这些支离破碎的林地里只剩下大约500只 With only around 500 left in these fragmented woodlands,
这是不列颠群岛最稀有的鸟类之一 this is one of the rarest birds in the British Isles.
现在是四月中旬的繁殖季节 It's mid-April, breeding season,
这只火鸡般大小的雄松鸡在它的竞技场里昂首阔步 and this huge, turkey-sized male is strutting around his arena.
在树上 一只雌松鸡来了 In the trees above, a female, or hen, has arrived.
雄性的松鸡会这样表演 The male, or cock, will perform like this
每天早上超过六个小时 for over six hours, every morning.
而且很管用 And it works.
几只母松鸡聚集在周围 Several hens have gathered around the prancing,
跟随雄性 preening alpha male.
但是巨大的成功也伴随着巨大的危险 But with great success comes great danger.
到目前为止 其他雄性一直保持距离 Until now, the other males have kept well away
但却被装满松针的胃所驱动 but powered by a stomach full of pine needles,
一个对手进入竞技场 a rival enters the arena.
它几乎有一米高 He's almost a metre tall
体重超过四公斤 and weighs over four kilos.
两只雄性互相打量着对方 The two males size each other up,
先初步试探 with a few preliminary pecks.
但有这么多母鸡要争夺 战斗要开始了 But with so many hens to fight for battle commences.
像这样的比赛很容易以骨折甚至死亡告终 Contests like these can easily end in broken bones and even death.
对手开始处于下风了 The rival is starting to lose face
它头上的羽毛被扯掉了 literally. Some feathers have been torn from around his head.
它尝到失败 并从阿尔法的领地撤退 He senses defeat and retreats from the alpha's territory.
伤痕累累 它的时代还没有到来 Bruised and battered, his time has not yet come
但至少它还能活下来继续战斗 but at least he will live to fight another day.
阿尔法返回战斗开始的地方 The alpha returns to where the fight started,
疲惫但胜利 tired but triumphant.
它的奖励就是和所有的雌性交配 His reward is to mate with all the females,
然后将它的基因传给下一代 who will then pass on his genes to the next generation.
然而 作为一个整体 这个物种正在失去 The species as a whole, however, is losing its battle
它在苏格兰高地生存的战斗 to survive in the Scottish Highlands.
松鸡曾经在英国就灭绝过一次 Capercaillie became extinct in Britain once before,
在18世纪 back in the 18th century
现在又受到外来干扰 and now a combination of disturbance,
捕猎和劣质的生存环境 predation and poor-quality habitat
再一次把这些鸟推到了悬崖边上 is pushing these birds to the brink once more.
不久后这些非凡的景象和声音 Soon these extraordinary sights and sounds may disappear from
可能会消失林地之间 our woodlands for a second time.
在伦敦郊外的一片落叶林里 In a deciduous woodland just outside London,
春天的阳光使树木焕发出生机 the spring sun causes the trees to burst into life.
在森林的地面上有一个巨大的土丘 On the forest floor, a huge mound,
几乎两米高的物体也生机勃勃 almost two metres high, comes to life as well.
是一窝木蚁 It's a nest of wood ants.
这些蚂蚁虽然很小 但它们能够很好地保卫自己的家园 The ants may be tiny, but they are well able to defend their home.
如果有潜在的掠食者靠近 Should any would-be predators approach,
它们会通过喷射蚁酸来保护自己 they defend themselves and their castle by squirting formic acid
和城堡 into the air.
确实是一只勇敢的鸟 It's a brave bird, indeed,
勇于对抗这支军队 that would take on this army.
木蚁是贪得无厌的猎手 Wood ants are insatiable hunters.
它们在森林的地面上寻找食物 They search the forest floor for food,
蜂拥到任何移动的东西上 swarming over anything that moves
把它拖回巢穴 and dragging it back to the nest.
人们认为 一个蚁群每年可能会吃掉 It's thought that a single colony may consume
超过六百万的猎物 over six million prey items every year.
而且不仅仅是在森林的地面上 And not just on the forest floor.
树上的毛毛虫出现了 Up in the trees, caterpillars have emerged
啃食春天新开放的叶子 to take advantage of the newly opened leaves of spring
所以木蚁也会跑到树上 so the ants take to the trees
毛毛虫看起来可能毫无防御能力 Caterpillars may look defenceless,
但它们有几种方法来躲避追捕 but they have several ways of avoiding capture.
第一种是什么都不做 The first is to do nothing.
如果它们不动 蚂蚁可能会继续前进 If they stay still, the ants might march on by.
如果被发现 第二种选择是站起来战斗 If detected, the second option is to stand and fight.
有些毛毛虫的叮咬效果惊人 Some caterpillars have a surprisingly effective bite.
如果这也失败了 它们就求助于第三种也是最后一个选择 If that also fails, they resort to their third and final option.
它们把一根丝线系在叶子或茎上 They attach a line of silk to a leaf or stalk
然后下降到太空 and descend into space.
但这条生命线 But this lifeline
可能会断 can break.
但这些木蚁不仅捕食其他物种 But these wood ants don't just prey on other species.
它们也养殖它们 They farm them, too.
蚜虫钻到树上 Aphids drill into the trees
采集树液 这是它们唯一的食物 to collect the sap that is their only food
它们排出一种液体废物我们称之为 and they excrete a liquid waste we call, somewhat flatteringly,
蜜露 honeydew.
蚂蚁收集它 The ants collect it,
就像农民从奶牛那里收集牛奶一样 just as human farmers collect milk from cows.
蜜露是整个蚁群共享的 The honeydew is shared throughout the colony
一年可能消耗四分之一吨 which may consume a quarter of a tonne in a single year.
从捕食毛毛虫到给蚜虫挤奶 From hunting caterpillars to milking aphids,
蚂蚁对整个林地有着巨大的影响力 the ants have a huge impact on the entire woodland.
这是一个微妙的平衡系统 It's a delicately balanced system,
但蚂蚁的存在也是森林健康的明确标志 but the presence of the ants is a sure sign of a healthy forest.
萨里郡一处古老墓地的安静角落 A quiet corner of an ancient cemetery in Surrey.
晚春时节 一只雌鹿正在一棵橡树上觅食 It's late spring, and a female roe deer is feeding on one of the oaks
在这里扎根生活 that have taken root here.
她正处于高度戒备状态 She is on high alert.
因为在坟墓里 Because with her, amongst the graves,
是她新生的宠儿 is new life her fawn.
才刚出生几天 Just a few days old
是它最脆弱的时候 and at his most vulnerable.
掠食者也在古老的坟墓中安家 Predators have also made a home amongst the old graves.
狐狸会轻易地吃掉小鹿 A fox would make an easy meal of a fawn.
当小鹿吃奶的时候它是安全的 While the youngster suckles, he's safe.
狐狸不敢吃成年的鹿 A fox wouldn't dare take on a fully grown deer.
静静地躲在附近的是她的第二只小鹿 But hiding silently nearby is her second fawn.
它那有斑点的皮毛使它在光线下不那么显眼 Her speckled coat makes her less obvious in the dappled light.
一旦它的哥哥吃饱了 它就会离开并躲藏起来 Once her brother has had his fill, he goes off and hides
让它有机会吸奶 giving her a chance to feed.
它们的母亲把它们分开 Their mother keeps them apart
这样如果一个被抓住了 另一个还能逃脱 so that if one is caught, the other might still escape.
很快它们都将长大 狐狸就不再是威胁了 Soon, they will both be too big for a fox to be a danger,
但在过去的岁月里 but in times gone by,
狼和猞猁一直是威胁 wolves and lynx would have been a constant threat.
我们的林地现在缺少这些更大的掠食者 Our woodlands now lack these bigger predators.
在苏塞克斯郡的克内普庄园 Here on the Knepp Estate in Sussex,
食草动物被用来重建一种林地 grazing animals have been used to recreate a type of woodland
曾经覆盖了不列颠群岛的大部分地区 that once covered large parts of the British Isles.
木头牧场 Wood pasture.
在短短20年的时间里 这创造了所需的条件 In just 20 years, this has produced the conditions needed
被我们最壮观的昆虫之一守护 by one of our most spectacular insects.
紫帝蝶 The purple emperor butterfly.
仲夏时节 从橡树顶上 It's midsummer, and from the top of an oak,
雄性可以在雌性从下面的灌木丛中出来时观察它们 the male can watch for females as they emerge from the scrub below.
它以极大的精力捍卫它的树顶宝座 And he defends his tree-top throne with great vigour.
它是我们最大的蝴蝶之一 会对付任何入侵者 He's one of our biggest butterflies and will take on any intruder.
它甚至攻击路过的鸟 He even attacks passing birds.
但只有一个入侵者才是真正重要的 But only one intruder really matters
另一只雄性紫帝蝶 another male purple emperor.
已经出现了 And one has appeared.
两人空中高速盘旋 The two circle at high speed.
只有把画面放慢30倍 我们才能看到发生了什么 Only by slowing the picture down 30 times can we see what's going on.
它们用8厘米长的翅膀作为武器 They use their 8cm wings as weapons,
试图把对方从空中拍下来 attempting to knock each other out of the sky.
雄性只能活几个星期 The males only live for a few weeks,
所以这场战斗要么全赢要么全输 so it's all or nothing in this fight.
很快第三只雄性加入战斗 Soon, a third male appears.
但常驻的雄性赶走了挑战者 But the resident male sees off his challengers.
它的翅膀也许已经破烂不堪 His wings may be tattered,
但它坚守着自己的小王国和繁殖所有权 but he's held on to his tiny empire and, with it, his breeding rights.
大西洋橡树林是我们最稀有的林地之一 The Atlantic oakwoods are one of our rarest kind of woodlands.
雨量大 河流众多 High rainfall, numerous rivers,
温和潮湿的环境创造了一个郁郁葱葱的环境 and mild, humid conditions create a lush environment.
这些是温带雨林 These are temperate rainforests.
但它现在已经缩小到原来范围的一小部分 They have now been reduced to a fraction of their original range
横跨英国西部和爱尔兰 across western Britain and Ireland.
在达特穆尔的一个偏僻山谷里 In this patch, in an isolated valley on Dartmoor,
仲夏的月光下 一幅梦幻般的场景在上演 a dream-like scene plays out under the midsummer moon.
灰黑色的鼻涕虫 An ash-black slug.
它们长达30厘米 是世界上最大的陆蛞蝓 Up to 30cm long, these are the largest land slugs in the world.
它们几乎只出现在古老潮湿的树林里 They are almost exclusively found in ancient, wet woods
在这个潮湿的夜晚 这条鼻涕虫正在寻找伴侣 and on this damp night, this slug is looking for a partner.
它会留下一串粘液 这些粘液携带着强大的化学信号 It lays down a trail of slime which carries powerful chemical signals.
这种气味是无法抗拒的诱惑 The scent is an irresistible invitation
吸引了另一只鼻涕虫 to another ash-black slug.
一旦它们到达树顶 Once the pair reach the tree-tops
它们将变得更加亲密 they become more intimate.
它们用鼻子蹭来蹭去 以确保它们的配对是否合适 They nuzzle to make sure that they're suitably matched.
蛞蝓是雌雄同体的 Slugs are hermaphrodites,
每一只都有雄性和雌性的性器官 each equipped with both male and female sexual organs.
打量任务完成 Preliminaries complete,
一个悬垂的分支提供了支撑 an overhanging branch provides a hold for the consummation.
它们缠绕在一起 像一个整体一样垂下 Twisting together, they hang down as one.
两个性器开始突出 Two penises start to protrude.
缠绕在一起 Entwining together,
每一个都变得和自身的其他部分一样长 each becomes as long as the rest of its owner's body.
现在每只蛞蝓都将一包精子传递给对方 Each slug now passes a packet of sperm to the other.
但是这段关系的结束是突然的 But the end of the relationship is abrupt.
留下的黏液是那次邂逅 The left-over slime is the only evidence
唯一的证据 that the encounter ever happened.
回到苏格兰的松林 夏天是机遇的季节 Back in the pinewoods of Scotland, summer is the season of opportunity.
树顶的松果现在已经成熟了 The cones at the top of the trees are now ripe.
一只雄性红松鼠开始行动 A male red squirrel jumps into action.
它开始吃松果中富含油脂的种子 He starts to feed on the rich, oily seeds the cones contain.
但它吃东西很邋遢 But he is a messy eater
它的残羹剩饭提醒了其他松鼠现在是丰收季节 and his left-overs alert others to what is now available.
一名女士 A female.
她参加聚会迟到了 She is late to the party.
雄松鼠看到她的到来 High above, the male sees her coming.
它可没心情分享 He's in no mood to share.
被赶走的雌松鼠考虑自己的选择 Driven off, the female considers her options.
如果她能从树的另一边溜过去 If she can sneak around the other side of the tree,
她也许能在不被发现的情况下吃到松果 she may be able to arrive unseen.
但在这片开阔的林地 说起来容易做起来难 But in this open woodland, that is easier said than done
所以她做了一件松鼠通常避免去做的事 so she does the one thing a red squirrel usually avoids.
她离开了松树 She leaves the trees.
在松树林从一棵树跳到另一棵树 Leaping from tree to tree in old-growth pine woods
通常是不可能的 但这路径是她唯一的选择 is usually impossible, so the deer path is her only option.
在桦树取代松树的地方结束 That ends where the pine trees give way to birch.
这些速生的树木生长在松树之间 These quick-growing trees stand between the pines
它们纤细的树枝为雌性提供了另一条通道 and their slender branches provide alternative access for the female.
还有最后一个障碍 One last obstacle remains.
一旦失手了 那就得粉身碎骨了 Get this wrong and it's a long way down.
她成功了 She's made it
回到那棵有成熟松果的树 back to the tree with the ripe pine cones.
雄松鼠甚至没有注意到 And the male hasn't even noticed.
暂时而已 For now.
现在是新森林的七月底 It's the end of July in the New Forest.
两只雏鸟就在为早餐争吵 Two honey buzzard chicks are squabbling over their breakfast.
现在筑巢已经晚了 所以它们需要快点长大 It's late to be nesting, so they need to grow up fast,
尽管青蛙不是它们最喜欢的食物 and although a frog is not their favourite food
但也不能挑肥拣瘦 beggars can't be choosers.
青蛙吃完 一顿像样的饭终于到了 Frog dispatched, a decent meal finally arrives.
这是蜂巢里的蜂蛹 It's the comb from a wasp's nest
装满了富含蛋白质的幼虫 packed full of protein-rich grubs.
这就印证了选择时间的重要性 This explains the timing.
它们的父母从非洲迁徙到这里筑巢 Their parents migrated here from Africa to nest
就像马蜂会在夏季末达到数量高峰一样 just as the wasps reach their peak numbers in the late summer.
随着丰富的食物供应终于完善 With a ready supply of rich food finally established,
雏鸟长得很快 the chicks grow extremely fast.
它们继续战斗 And they continue to fight.
但以典型的英国风格 But, in typical British fashion
天气有时会让事情变得很糟糕 the weather makes things a bit miserable at times.
这可能就是为什么蜜鹫是我们最稀有的繁殖鸟类之一 It could be why honey buzzards are one of our rarest breeding birds.
你不能总是依赖现成的黄蜂 You can't always rely on a ready supply of wasps
像我们这样的夏天 with summers like ours.
到八月中旬 雏鸟长出了合适的羽毛 By mid-August, the chicks are growing proper feathers.
雄鸟呈灰褐色 The males are mousy-brown
雌鸟有一个漂亮的白色脑袋 and the female has a handsome white head.
在为食物争吵时 她通常占主导地位 She usually dominates when it comes to squabbles over food.
但是还有很多可以分配的 But there is plenty to go round
如果你能把嘴伸进去话 if you can get your beak on it!
巢中的一些黄蜂幼虫正在孵化成成虫 Some of the wasp larvae in the nest are hatching into adults
但重叠的羽毛可以防止被蜇伤 but overlapping feathers provide protection against possible stings.
还有三个透明的眼睑 And a third transparent eyelid,
叫做瞬膜 called a nictitating membrane,
有效保护眼睛 protects their eyes.
雏鸟很快就要长大 It's fast approaching the time when the chicks
必须离开巢穴 自己照顾自己 will have to leave the nest and fend for themselves.
拍打翅膀可以增强它们的力量 Flapping the wings builds their strength.
每一天小蜜鹫们都有了信心 And every day the chicks gain confidence.
即使不优雅 If not elegance.
到了八月下旬 它们该离开的时候到了 By late August, their time has come to leave.
雌鸟第一次学飞行 The female chick takes her first ever flight.
她哥哥也跟着拍了几下 Followed a few flaps later by her brother.
它们不久就要出发去非洲 长达3000英里的旅行 They will soon set off on a 3,000-mile journey to Africa
逃离即将来临的秋日寒意 escaping the approaching chill of our autumn days.
随着新一季的到来 With the arrival of the new season,
我们的林地开始关停 our woodlands begin to shut down.
树叶变色了 The leaves change colour
寂静降临在许多森林之中 and a hush descends on many of our forests.
但不是全部 But not all of them.
雄性休耕鹿聚集在一起争夺交配权 Fallow deer bucks have gathered to fight for the right to mate
通过咆哮来宣传它们的存在 advertising their presence by roaring.
休耕鹿是在11世纪由诺曼人引进的 They were introduced in the 11th century by the Normans
最初都被养在私人公园里 and initially kept in private parks.
但它们很快就逃脱了 并蔓延到不列颠群岛的大部分地区 But they soon escaped and spread across much of the British Isles.
它们在观察 The does watch on.
它们很可能会和最大的雄鹿交配 They're likely to mate with the biggest
也是这里最执着的吼叫者 and most persistent roarer here
但选择权在她们 but the choice is theirs.
一些雄鹿会在灌木丛中 Some males thrash the undergrowth.
为鹿角上装饰着树叶 And antlers become adorned with foliage.
这只年轻的鹿 This young buck
还没有给人留下深刻印象 has yet to impress.
但它在边缘徘徊以防万一 But he hangs around the edges, just in case.
雄鹿咆哮的频率和质量 The frequency and quality of a buck's roar
说明它的身体状况很好 is an indication that he's in good condition.
但是 如果有挑战者靠近 But, if a challenger approaches,
下一步是并行行走 the next step is the parallel walk.
如果是明显的实力悬殊 If it's an obvious mismatch,
它们也许还能省点力气 they might still save their energy.
但这看起来是一场公平的战斗 But this looks as if it could be a fair fight.
雄鹿可以重达100公斤 The bucks can weigh up to 100 kilos.
一个错误的举动可能是致命的 A wrong move now could be fatal.
在混乱中其他雄鹿也加入了战斗 In the pandemonium, other males join the battle.
当它们打斗时 母鹿悄悄溜走了 As they fight, the does sidle away.
她们在树林边缘与小公鹿会合 They join the small male on the edge of the wood.
虽然它的技术还需要一点改进 Although his technique still needs a little improvement
但今天可能是这小家伙的幸运日 this could be the young buck's lucky day.
随着嘈杂的声音逐渐消失 As the sounds of the rut fade,
迄今为止隐藏在林地戏剧中的演员出现了 hitherto hidden players in the woodland drama appear.
真菌 Fungi.
凉爽潮湿的气候引发了蘑菇的爆发 The cool, wet days trigger an eruption of mushrooms
和伞菌在森林地面上蔓延 and toadstools across the forest floor.
这些是真菌的子实体 These are the fungi's fruiting bodies
它们只有一个功能 and they have just one function
传播孢子 to spread their spores.
有些只是让它们的孢子从鳃中滑出 Some simply allow their spores to slip out of the gills
在它们的伞帽下面 beneath their caps.
其它的则等待一阵风把它们的带到空中 Others wait for a gust of wind to carry theirs into the air.
马勃菌依赖雨水 Puffballs rely on the rain.
一滴就足以引发马勃菌的孢子 One droplet is enough to trigger the projection of a puffball's
遍布各地 spores far and wide.
蘑菇和伞菌是可以肉眼可见的 Mushrooms and toadstools can be highly visible,
但它们只是每种真菌的一小部分 but they are only a tiny part of each fungus.
直到最近我们才开始了解 And it's only recently that we have started to understand what
当这些生物离开我们的视线时 some of these organisms are doing when they're out of our sight.
地底下 Underground,
真菌的菌根发出一张由细丝组成的网 mycorrhizal fungi send out a web of tiny filaments
叫做菌丝网 called hyphae.
它们很快就会碰到树根 These soon encounter tree roots.
两个有机体连接 The two organisms then connect.
现在它们可以共享资源 And now they can share resources.
真菌从树上获取糖分 The fungus gets sugars from the trees,
树木从真菌中获取水分和矿物质 and the tree gets water and minerals from the fungus.
分享并不止于此 And the sharing doesn't stop there.
真菌将树木和植物连接在一起 The fungi link trees and plants together
在一个互利的网络中 in a mutually beneficial network called, by some,
木材万维网 The Wood Wide Web.
我们可以看到这个网络是如何运作的 We can see how this web works
在萨福克郡的林地里一年到头 by speeding through the year in this Suffolk woodland.
经过一个冬天的休眠 After a winter of dormancy,
春天的林地生机勃勃 the woodland in spring bursts to life.
成熟树木储存过剩的资源 Excess resources stored by the mature trees
由真菌网穿过 move through the fungal web
给发芽的树苗一个好的开始 and give sprouting saplings a good start.
但是新的生长吸引了食叶动物 But new growth attracts leaf eaters.
受到攻击的植物发出求救信号 Plants under attack emit distress signals.
通过使用专门的通讯 By using specialised equipment,
我们可以在这些信号网传播时听到它们 we can listen to these signals as they travel through the web.
这是植物交流的声音 This is the sound of plant communications,
而那些探测到它的生物会激活化学防御系统 and those that detect it can activate chemical defences
这样如果它们受到攻击 so that if they are attacked,
它们的叶子味道会变得难吃 their leaves are already distasteful.
夏天会带来危险的干旱 Summer brings its own danger drought.
年轻的树木可能会挣扎 Young trees may struggle
因为它们有限的液体储备已经耗尽 as their limited liquid reserves are depleted.
但网络可以再次拯救它们 But the network can come to their rescue once again.
水从根深的树木流向其它更需要的树木 Water moves from deep-rooted trees to others in greater need.
这些复杂的关系存在于每一片林地 These complex relationships exist in every woodland,
90%的植物都依赖于它们 and 90% of all our plants depend on them.
但这样的网络需要时间来发展 But such networks take time to develop.
古老多样的林地 Ancient, diverse woodlands
有更多的真菌连接 have more fungal connections
比只包含一个物种的年轻种植园 and support more life than young plantations
更能维持生命 that contain just a single species.
单一栽培通常由快速生长的非本地树木组成 Such monocultures usually consist of fast-growing, non-native trees,
今天几乎占了我们树木总覆盖面积的一半 that today account for almost half of all our tree cover.
这个种植园 This plantation,
一边是牧场 另一边是博德明沼泽 hemmed in by farmland on one side and Bodmin Moor on the other,
又冷又暗 不适合居住 is cold, dark, and inhospitable.
但是鸟儿们把这片树林当作临时的家 But birds are using this wood as a temporary home,
它的树枝上粘满了鸟粪 and its branches are caked with the evidence.
当冬末的太阳开始消逝 As the late winter sun begins to sink,
房客们回来了 the tenants return.
椋鸟 Starlings.
它们一整天都在外面觅食 They've been out feeding all day,
但随着寒冷的夜晚来临 它们的数量开始增加 but, as the cold night draws in, their numbers start to increase.
多达一百万只鸟将使用这个小种植园 Up to a million birds will use this small plantation
作为它们过夜的栖息地 as their overnight roost.
但其掠食者也知道这一点 But others know this.
游隼希望从鸟群中抓到一只虚弱的鸟 Buzzards hope to snatch a weak bird from amongst the flock.
在广阔的上空 And, up above, a peregrine.
椋鸟群旋转着聚集在一起 The starling flocks swirl and coalesce
这是它们对捕食者出现做出的反应 as they react to the predator's presence.
人多才安全 There's safety in numbers.
通过聚集成巨大的鸟群 By gathering in huge flocks,
任何一只鸟被抓的几率都大大降低了 the chances of getting caught are reduced enormously for any one bird.
光线开始变暗 The light starts to fade,
椋鸟也会飞下来栖息 and the starlings come down to roost.
随着它们数量的增加噪音也在增加 As their numbers increase, so does the noise.
这个喋喋不休的声音是传递信息 In this chatter is information.
太阳落山很久以后 鸟儿们还在陆续归巢 Birds continue to join the roost long after the sun has set
由热成像摄像机显示 revealed by thermal cameras.
它们在种植园里挤得越来越紧 They pack ever more tightly into the plantation.
直到我们的摄像机被照亮 Until, to our camera,
树木就像夜晚的摩天大楼 the trees are illuminated like skyscrapers at night.
在特写镜头中它变得更加清晰 In close-up, it becomes clear
关于最好的栖息地有着激烈的争论 that there are vigorous arguments over the best perches.
因为即使现在椋鸟也不安全 Because, even now, the starlings are not safe.
谷仓猫头鹰 A barn owl.
像幽灵一样盘旋在栖息处 Wraith-like, it hovers above the roost,
引起了栖息在下面鸟儿的恐慌 causing panic among the birds perched beneath.
猫头鹰不慌不忙 The owl takes its time.
这是一种非凡的狩猎技巧 It is a remarkable hunting technique,
第一次被揭露 revealed for the first time
通过使用这些专业摄像机 by using these specialist cameras.
黎明一到 As soon as dawn arrives,
鸟儿们离开继续觅食 the birds leave to resume their feeding.
这些冬季鸟群的数量可能给人一种错觉 The size of these winter flocks may give the impression
椋鸟的状况良好 that starlings are doing well,
但事实上 近年来它们的数量 but in fact, their numbers in recent years
减少了80% have diminished by 80%.
我们的林地正在扩张 Our woodlands are now expanding,
但新的人工林大多失去多样性 but the new plantations are mostly of low diversity.
我们需要更好地保护现存的原生态林地 We need to give better protection to the native woodlands that remain
恢复我们失去的森林 restore those that we have lost
让我们的树木有时间和空间自然地生长 and allow our trees the time and space to spread, naturally.
要重建像林地那样富饶的生态需要很多年 It will take many years to recreate anything as rich as the woodlands
我们曾经拥有它 that we once had
但毫无疑问 这样做才是我们的目标 but surely it should be our target to do so.
为揭示两种截然不同的鸟类亲密生活 To reveal the intimate lives of two very different bird species,
两支队伍在两种截然不同的林地拍摄 two teams filmed in two distinct types of woodland
在岛屿的两端 at opposite ends of our isles.
在苏格兰有一个鹰家族 In Scotland, a family of eagles
利用开阔的原始森林生活 take advantage of the open and spacious old growth forest.
在康沃尔这片茂密的种植园 While in Cornwall, this dense strip of plantation
是近百万只椋鸟的冬季栖息地 is a winter roost for nearly a million starlings.
它们以惊人的声音而闻名 They're well known for their astonishing murmurations,
但摄制组想更近距离地观察 but the team want to get a more intimate look,
揭示出天黑后栖息地的情况 and reveal what goes on in the roost after dark.
要做到这一点 他们需要进入紧密种植的树林 To do that, they need to get amongst the closely planted trees,
那里又黑又暗 死气沉沉且臭气熏天 where it's dark, lifeless and rather smelly!
呃 真恶心 Urgh, that's gross.
这些看起来都很新鲜 This all looks pretty fresh.
你可以看到 树枝上的鸟粪 You can see, like, a good couple of centimetres
大概有几厘米厚 of bird poo on the branches.
以及所有鸟飞进来的壮观视觉效果 As well as the visuals of all the birds coming in,
我们正在努力 我非常渴望 we're trying to get I'm really keen to try and get
一个真正的多感官体验 a real multi-sensory experience as much as possible.
遗憾的是 我们不能分享这种味道 Sadly, we can't share the smell,
地面也被覆盖着 所以可能 and it's coating the ground as well, so there's probably,
是的 很好 yeah, a good
绝对也有四五厘米的鸟粪 four or five centimetres of bird poo there as well.
所以这绝对像是 So this definitely feels like
站在它们栖息地的中心 it probably is the centre of the roost.
品味栖息地后 Having sniffed out the roost,
团队建立了一个平台 the team build a platform
这样他们就可以安装远程操作的摄像头 so that they can rig remotely operated cameras
在树冠上 up in the canopy.
我们已经把整个塔都建起来了 We've got the full tower up now, so we're pretty much
在树的顶端 at the top of the trees,
感觉你就像在鸡窝里 which really feels like you're in the middle of the roost.
希望鸟儿们能包围我们 Hopefully the birds will surround us
我们就能拍到漂亮的近距离特写 and we'll be able to get some nice, intimate close-up shots of them.
乔·查尔斯沃思在操作远程摄像机 The remote cameras allow cameraman Jo Charlesworth
就藏在下面看不见的地方 to hide out of sight below.
所以一切正常 So, everything's working.
只要鸟儿们不飞到树林的另一头 As long as the birds don't fly into the other end of the woods,
就等着它们来吧 it's just a case of waiting for them to arrive.
向北450英里 450 miles to the north,
摄影师哈姆扎·亚辛前往苏格兰高地 cameraman Hamza Yassin is searching the Scottish Highlands
拍摄金雕和它们的巢穴 for golden eagles, and their nest.
我徒步穿越这片令人惊叹的古老林地 I'm hiking through this amazing, amazing ancient woodland.
如你所见 地上还有积雪 There's still snow on the ground as you can see,
而且非常冷 and it's Baltic!
在整个不列颠群岛只有20对 With only 20 pairs of tree-nesting golden eagles
在树上筑巢的金雕 in the whole of the British Isles,
找到一个可以拍摄的巢穴可不是件容易的事 finding a nest that the team can film is no easy task.
哈姆扎爬到了一个有利的位置 Hamza climbs to a good vantage point,
在那里他可以扫描尽可能多的森林 where he can scan as much of the forest as possible.
这是一场等待的游戏 It's a waiting game.
我在扫描那里的高山脊线 So, I'm scanning the high ridge line there,
等着金雕出现 waiting for the golden eagles to pop up,
然后找出它们的去向 and then figure out where they're coming
回到它们的巢穴 down to their nest.
是的 我们有好消息了 Yes, we have contact!
第一只金雕被发现了 The first golden eagle has been spotted,
现在才早上六点半 and it's only6:30 in the morning.
来吧 Come on!
它们的巢穴很可能就在附近 Their nest is likely to be nearby.
它们带来了筑巢材料 They're bringing in nesting material,
这是非常棒 which is the best thing ever,
但还是没能告诉我巢穴的确切位置 but still doesn't show me where the nest is exactly.
接近了 接近了 Halfway there, halfway there.
第二天 哈姆扎开车靠近它们 确定了它们的位置 The next day, Hamza drives closer to pinpoint where they are.
哦 我们走 我们走 来吧 Ooh, here we go, here we go. Come on
啊 终于 Ah, finally!
离开巢穴的成年金雕 An adult leaving the nest
会显示出它的确切位置 reveals its exact location.
三天的努力有了回报 Three days' work has paid off.
真是不可思议 That's incredible.
该团队现在可以在今年晚些时候返回 The team can now return later in the year
在雏鸟孵化时拍摄它们 to film the chicks when they hatch.
在康沃尔郡 椋鸟正返回它们的栖息地 In Cornwall, the starlings are arriving back at their roost.
乔的努力有了回报 Jo's hard work pays off,
他捕抓到了椋鸟 and he captures the starlings
它们挤在他的摄影机周围的树冠上 as they crowd into the canopy around his cameras.
它让我们对身处其中的感觉有了独特的认知 It gives a unique insight into what it's like to be amongst
一百万只栖息的鸟 a million roosting birds.
研究小组还记录了鸟群的声音 And the team also record the sound of the flock
当他们安顿下来过夜时 as they settle down for the night.
这简直是疯了 This is actually insane now.
我们真的在椋鸟栖息地的中间 We're literally in the middle of a starling roost.
但到了第二天 栖息地却寂静无声 But the following day, the roost is silent,
鸟儿们都消失了 the birds have disappeared.
你可能会以为一百万只鸟 You would have thought a million birds, or thereabouts,
很容易被发现 might be quite easy to spot.
显然不是 Apparently not.
我们很确定它们就在这区域 但是 We're pretty sure they must be in the area, but
这是一个很大的郊区 it's a big old area.
虽然克里斯在康沃尔失去了一百万只鸟 While Chris has lost a million birds in Cornwall,
但在苏格兰的老鹰队正处于团队希望的位置 in Scotland, the eagles are right where the team want them to be.
在庄园安置的隐蔽处 In a hide installed by the estate,
摄影师约翰·艾奇森能够直接拍摄到鸟巢 cameraman John Aitchison is able to film right into the nest.
所以 此刻我能看到树上 So, at the moment, I can see in the tree
我不得不说 which, I have to say,
这可能是我见过的最漂亮的鹰巢 is probably the most beautiful eagle's nest I've ever seen,
在苏格兰松树的顶端 in the top of a big Caledonian pine a Scots pine tree.
它们只是在继续它们的生活 They're just carrying on with their lives.
尤其是我安静的时候 Especially if I'm quiet,
我对它们来说没任何影响 I shouldn't make any difference to them at all.
导演莉莉在山谷的另一边看着 Director Lily watches from the other side of the valley.
它们是很特别的父母 They're exceptional parents.
它们不断地运来食物 They're bringing in food constantly.
那个鸟巢里的东西真的多 That nest is so well-stocked.
难得一见的稀有鸟巢给摄制组遇到 The hard-won view of the rare nest gives the crew
对这些在树上筑巢的鹰的生活有一个特别的了解 a special insight into the lives of these tree-nesting eagles.
我在这里待了十天 There's so many things that I've learned
学到了很多东西 over just these ten days being here,
能认识这些鸟是我的荣幸 and it's been a real privilege getting to know these birds.
捕捉这些亲密的瞬间 Capturing these intimate moments
摄制组付出了巨大的努力 took a huge effort from the crew,
与当地团队一起工作 working alongside the local team
保护着这片古老的森林和它的居民 who protect this ancient forest and its inhabitants.
回到康沃尔队员们发现了椋鸟 Back in Cornwall, the team have found the starlings,
是时候更进一步了 and it's time to take things a step further.
一台热成像摄像机使他们能够拍摄到椋鸟 A thermal imaging camera allows them to film the starlings
以一种新的方式揭示了它们天黑后在栖息地的行为 in a new way, revealing their behaviour in the roost after dark.
有一种过圣诞的感觉 There's something very Christmassy about it.
所有这些树都挂满了灯 All these trees festooned with light.
他们捕捉到了夜间捕食者抵达的精彩时刻 And they capture the exact moment that a night-time predator arrives.
耶 耶 好地方 Yes! Yes! Good spot.
只有在热成像仪的帮助下才能看到猫头鹰 A barn owl, only visible with the help of the thermal camera.
在这些截然不同的森林中捕捉到的精彩瞬间 The intimate moments captured in these very different forests
证明了许多壮观的动物 are proof that many spectacular animals
仍然把我们林地当作家 still call our woodlands home.
这些都是重要的栖息地 These are important habitats.
从华丽的金雕 From the gorgeous, gorgeous golden eagle
在凯恩戈姆的巢穴里的生活 up in that nest in the Cairngorms,
再到椋鸟栖息在博德明沼泽这种环境很差 down to the starlings using this apparently pretty low-grade
的边缘林地 woodland on the edge of Bodmin Moor,
每一处都很重要 every little bit is really important
我们要好好照顾它 它很珍贵 很特别 and we've got to look after it it's precious and it's special.
下一集 Next time
草原 grasslands
隐秘的故事 where hidden stories
遇上史诗般的戏剧 meet epic dramas.
英国开放大学制作了一张免费海报 The Open University has produced a free poster
探索我们的狂野岛屿 exploring our Wild Isles
以及它们多样的栖息地和物种 and their diverse habitats and species.
通过致电订购您的副本 Order your copy by calling
或者访问网站并点击链接进入开放大学 or go to the website and follow the links to the Open University.
如果你想在狂野群岛的故事中扮演你的角色 If you'd like to play your part in the story of our Wild Isles
了解更多关于你能做些什么 and learn more about what you can do to help,
只要在BBC网站上搜索"Wild Isles" just search "Wild Isles" on the BBC website.