（大卫爱登堡主持）
恐龙毫无疑问是曾经存在过的最了不起 Surely, one of the most remarkable animals that has ever existed,
也绝对是最著名的动物之一 and certainly one of the most famous, is a dinosaur.
霸王龙 Tyrannosaurus rex.
这是一种能够激发 我们所有人想象力的动物 An animal to spark the imagination for all of us.
恐龙是一种什么样的动物 What kind of an animal was it?
它长什么样 如何生活 What did it look like? How did it live?
现在 科学研究 已经给出了这些问题的答案 Now, scientific research has answered such questions.
不仅仅是霸王龙 And not just about T. rex,
还有和它生活在同一时期的其他物种 but the other species that lived alongside it.
而最新的成像技术 能够把它们活灵活现地展现在我们面前 And the latest imaging technology enables us to bring them all to life.
这是六千六百万年前的地球 Planet Earth, 66 million years ago.
天空中遍布飞翔的巨兽 The skies are filled with flying giants.
海洋深处游弋着巨大的爬行动物 In the seas, monstrous reptiles patrol the depths.
陆地上的各种恐龙 And on land, dinosaurs of every kind,
都面临着生存的威胁 all facing the struggle to survive.
如今 我们对那个 曾被恐龙统治的世界已知之甚多 We now know so much about a world that was ruled by the dinosaurs.
这就是它们的故事 This is their story.
《森林》
本WEB版外挂字幕由 风吹来的那片云 双语合并
南美洲的森林里 生长着一些世界上最高的参天大树 The forests in South America contain some of the world's tallest trees.
它们可以长到超过91米高 They can grow to a height of over 300 feet.
其实这里也有动物界的巨人 But there are animal giants here too.
食植性恐龙 Plant-eating dinosaurs.
这些是南方波赛东龙 These are Austroposeidon.
它们身长24米 They're 80 feet long.
食量巨大无比 And they have colossal appetites.
它们的牙齿不是用于咀嚼 Their teeth are used not to chew,
而单纯是用于切割 but simply to cut.
像这样一群南方波赛东龙 每天能吃掉10吨植物 A herd like this one can consume ten tons of vegetation every day.
它们喜欢吃树枝末端的嫩叶 They prefer the tender, young leaves that grow on the tips of the branches.
但如果发现比自己更高的树 But if they find trees that are even taller than they are,
它们也绝不认输 they're not defeated.
它们会借助自己巨大的体重 和20厘米厚的胸骨 They use their great weight and their 8-inch-thick breastbone
直接将这些树推倒 to simply push the trees over.
成功了 Success.
但森林里的生活永远都像一场战斗 But life in the forest is always a battle.
尤其是当新的生存空间被创造出来的时候 Especially when new space is created.
植物竞相争夺阳光 Plants race to claim the light…
并千方百计地试图占据上风 and use every kind of method to gain the upper hand.
树冠上的空隙很快就被填满了 The gap in the canopy is soon closed.
地球上超过四分之三的土地 都被植物和树木所覆盖 Over three-quarters of the world's land is covered by plants and trees.
这个史前星球是一个绿色星球 This prehistoric planet is a green planet.
森林里生活着许多不同种类的恐龙 Many different species of dinosaur live in forests.
三角龙是是北美地区最大的恐龙之一 Triceratops, one of the biggest in North America.
它们身长可达8米 They can be 26 feet long.
它们头上巨大的壳皱 可以在打斗时起到保护作用 The huge frills on their heads are used for protection when they fight.
而植物也有防御机制 But plants have defenses too.
那就是释放有毒物质 Poisonous toxins.
这些有毒物质对恐龙幼崽来说尤为危险 These are particularly dangerous for youngsters.
这只幼崽的体重只有它母亲的五十分之一 This calf weighs only a 50th of the weight of his mother.
有毒物质会令它病得不轻 And the plant's toxins could make him very sick indeed.
但三角龙有一个对付这些毒素的方法 But Triceratops have a way of dealing with such poisons.
它们会使用解药 They use an antidote.
解药的来源之一 在它们经常去的一个山洞里 One source of it lies in a cave to which they pay regular visits.
然而这只幼崽从没来过这里 This youngster, however, has never been in here before.
它们必须沿着通道找到解药所在之处 They have to find their way along a passage
而经过数千年的时间 这条通道早就被地下河流所侵蚀 that, over many millennia, has been eroded by an underground river.
它们现在身处伸手不见五指的黑暗中 They are now beyond the reach of light.
什么也看不见 They can't see a thing.
幼崽必须靠近它的家人 The calf must stick close to his family.
但也不能太近了 But not too close.
现在 转错一个弯都可能导致灾难性后果 Now, one wrong turn could be disastrous.
三角龙群最终到达了它们的目的地 At last, the herd reaches the place they need to visit.
这就是解药：一种特殊的泥土 This is the antidote: a special clay.
这些泥土被称为舔泥 经常会有动物来这里使用舔泥 These are known as clay licks, and they're visited time and again.
然而有个小家伙不见了 But someone is missing.
它的幼崽哪去了 Where is her calf?
幸运之神站在了幼崽这一边 Luck was on the youngster's side.
等它用泥土塞满肚子 Once he's lined his stomach with clay,
它同样也不会被毒素侵害 可以放心食用树叶了 he too will be protected from the poisons in the leaves on which he feeds.
它们很快就会回到森林和阳光中去 Soon they will all head back to the forest and daylight.
事实上 很少有阳光 In fact, very little of the sun's light
能照射到这些茂密森林的地面上 reaches the floor of these dense forests.
在巴塔哥尼亚 In Patagonia,
茂密的植被绵延上千公里 the thick vegetation stretches unbroken for hundreds of miles.
但植被中间偶尔也会有块 神秘的空地 比如这里 But occasionally, there are mysterious clearings, like this one.
这神秘空地其实是这只 2吨重 3.6米高雄性食肉牛龙的杰作 It's the work of a two-ton, 12-foot tall Carnotaurus. A male.
它花了很长时间来清理这块地 Clearing this patch has taken him a long time.
但如果想让这地方保持整洁 那就要不断地打扫 And it needs constant attention if it is to remain tidy.
这是一个舞台 它可以 在这里向雌性展示自己 It's a stage on which he can show off to females.
一切准备就绪 它可以开始了 All is ready, and he announces the fact.
它呼叫的声音很低沉 His calls are low-pitched
低音调声音在浓密植被中传播的距离 and travel much farther through the dense vegetation
要比高音调声音远得多 than higher-pitched ones would do.
终于来了一只雌性牛龙 At last, a female arrives.
它的体型比这只雄性要大 也更有力量 She's bigger than the male and more powerful.
现在无论如何 雄性都必须给雌性留下好印象 Now, somehow, he must impress her.
而且它可能只有这一次机会 And he may only get this one chance.
雌性牛龙仔细地看着雄性牛龙 She watches him carefully.
如果想要打动它 If he is going to impress her,
雄性必须采用最不同寻常的方式 he must do so in the most extraordinary way.
它没有巨大的角 也没有惊人的尾巴 He doesn't have huge antlers, nor a spectacular tail.
但它确实有一对迷你 显然无用的手臂 But he does have a pair of tiny, apparently useless arms.
每只手臂的根部都有一个球窝关节 And each has a ball and socket joint at its base
这使它可以让每只手臂独立摆动 that enables him to move them independently.
今天没成功 Not today.
它怎样才能做得更好呢 没人知道 How could he have done better? Who knows?
现在还是回去捡垃圾吧 For now, it's back to litter picking.
这是东亚地区 This is East Asia.
这里的山林很早就入秋了 In these mountain forests, autumn arrives early.
在这个时节 很多树木开始结果 This is when many trees produce their fruit.
其中最珍贵的要数银杏树的坚果 And amongst the most highly prized are the nuts of the Ginkgo tree.
对于这种叫做冠盗龙的恐龙来说 这可谓是个狂欢节了 A bonanza for dinosaurs called Corythoraptors.
虽然它们有羽毛 但却不会飞 Although they have feathers, they're flightless.
这些冠盗龙找到了许多 从树上掉下来的果实 These have found a particularly abundant fall of fruit.
但这样的聚会可能会招来不怀好意的关注 But such gatherings can attract unwelcome attention.
虔州龙是亚洲森林里的顶级掠食者 Qianzhousaurus, the top predator in these Asiatic forests.
这是只身长超过9米的雌性虔州龙 This is a female, over 30 feet long.
若它想抓一只冠盗龙的话 就必须先接近它们 If she is to catch a Corythoraptor, she'll have to get close.
这里没有太多的掩护 There's not much cover here.
但猎物们还没发现它的身影 But her prey have still not noticed her.
它失败了 She has failed.
但纵观生命的历史 But then, most hunts,
大多数的捕猎都是以失败告终 throughout the history of life, fail most of the time.
随着季风的加强 As the seasonal winds strengthen,
这些温带森林中的许多树木开始落叶 many of the trees in these temperate forests start to lose their leaves.
冬天将会是一段艰难的时期 Winter will be a time of hardship.
不过 风暴确实给猎手们 带来了短暂的机会 Nevertheless, a storm does create a brief opportunity for hunters.
它再次尝试捕食 She's trying again.
它在阴沉天气中不那么显眼 狂风也会分散猎物的注意力 She's less conspicuous in the gloom, and the gusting wind is distracting.
捕到一只36公斤的猎物 An 80-pound prize.
因为冬天就要到来 这猎物也就格外珍贵 All the more valuable, since winter is now closing in.
在北美州的森林里 In the forests of North America,
这里的森林居民每年 还会遇到一个额外的危险 there is an additional annual hazard for forest dwellers.
由闪电引起的火灾 Fire, started by a strike of lightning.
随着火势扩散 温度会上升到一千摄氏度以上 As it spreads, temperatures rise to over 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit.
火焰升至200米左右的高空中 The flames rise several hundred feet into the air.
大多数动物会逃命离开这里 Most animals flee.
但这只埃德蒙顿龙有家庭成员要照顾 But this Edmontosaurus has a family to care for.
它不会抛弃它们 She doesn't abandon them.
现在在大火熄灭前 它们必须尽力躲避大火 Now they must keep one step ahead of the blaze until it burns out.
这场景看起来可能是灾难性的 This may look catastrophic.
但令人惊叹的是 一些植物 如果要完成它们的生命周期 But remarkably, some plants must be burnt
就必须被烧毁 if they are to complete their life cycle.
高温才能使松果裂开 The intense heat is needed to open the cones of the pine trees…
并将种子释放出来 and release their seeds.
大火过后仅仅几个小时 And only a few hours after the fire has passed,
动物们就陆陆续续回来了 animals begin to return.
甲壳虫是第一批归来的 Beetles are among the first.
它们开始产卵 They start to lay their eggs.
当它们孵化时 幼虫将会首先 When they hatch, the larvae will be the first to feast
享用几乎无限供应的枯木 on the near-limitless supply of dead wood.
这只野蛮盗龙是个机会主义者 This Atrociraptor is an opportunist.
当有食物供应时 它很快就回来了 Quick to return when there's food on offer.
它在这里还能获取其他的东西 And there's something else to be gained here.
烟雾是一种杀虫剂 Smoke is an insecticide…
它可以帮助动物清除身体上的寄生虫 and it can help an animal to get rid of its parasites.
但还是要小心点 But you do have to be careful.
来了一只2吨重的甲龙 A two-ton ankylosaur.
大火过后 它也找到了能吃的东西 It also finds something worth eating after a fire.
木炭 Charcoal.
它能与甲龙的胃中 许多植物毒素结合 并中和毒性 It will bind with many of the plant toxins in its stomach and neutralize them.
这只埃德蒙顿龙要离开森林了 The female Edmontosaurus is leaving the forest.
克服了重重困难 它把两个幼崽都带到了安全的地方 Against the odds, she's led both her babies to safety.
在森林里的植被重新生长出来前 它们必须找到新的草场去生活 They will have to find new pastures until the forest plants recover.
即使是在鲜有火灾的地方 树木也不是长生不老 Even where fires are rare, trees do not live forever.
另一种完全不同的生物 会把死去的树木当成食物 And after they die, they become food for a very different kind of organism.
到了晚上 它们中的一些变得异常显眼 At night, some of them become eerily conspicuous.
在森林的地面上 Down on the forest floor…
出现了真菌 fungi appear…
并开始发光 and start to glow.
它们通过深藏在组织内部的 化学反应来发光 They produce their light by chemical reactions deep within their tissues.
但它们这么做的原因依旧是个谜 But why they do so is a mystery.
有可能是因为光会吸引昆虫前来 It may be because the light attracts insects,
昆虫会帮助真菌传播孢子 which then help to spread the spores of the fungus.
这里是中亚地区 Here, in central Asia,
夜间的森林里充满了奇怪的声音 the nighttime forest is filled with strange sounds.
巨大的蜥脚类恐龙正在沉睡 Giant sauropods are asleep.
它们的头部和颈部有气囊 There are air sacs in their head and neck,
这样可以减轻它们的体重 但也会放大它们的鼾声 which reduce their weight but also amplify their snores.
但不是所有动物都在睡觉 But not everyone is asleep.
对于较小的生物来说 夜晚出来活动要比白天安全 For smaller creatures, it's safer to be out in the darkness than during the day.
这些镰刀龙六个月前刚孵化出来 These Therizinosaurus hatched just six months ago.
它们勉强有91厘米长 只有成年镰刀龙体长的十分之一 Barely three feet long, they are only a tenth of their adult size.
它们的爪子虽然看起来像匕首一样锋利 但只是当作沙拉叉匙用 Their claws may look like daggers, but they're used more like salad servers…
因为它们是食植动物 because these are plant eaters.
然而这片森林里有各种各样的食物 不过你得知道去哪里觅食 This forest, however, has all kinds of food if you know where to look.
蜂蜜 Honey.
正从树枝上的蜂巢滴下来 It's dripping from a bees' nest up in the branches.
蜜蜂通常把巢筑在 陆地上的生物够不着的地方 Bees usually build their nests beyond the reach of ground dwellers.
但这个巢比大多数巢都要低 But this one is lower than most.
机不可失 失不再来 And it's too good to miss.
与大多数恐龙不同的是 年幼的镰刀龙会爬树 Unlike most dinosaurs, young Therizinosaurus can climb.
虽然它们不是爬树专家 Although they're not exactly experts.
愤怒的蜜蜂会组成蜂浪来警告入侵者离开 Angry bees produce a Mexican wave to warn intruders to keep away…
否则后果自负 or suffer the consequences.
一只成年镰刀龙 An adult Therizinosaurus.
它体型巨大 将近9米高 5吨重 It's huge, nearly 30 feet tall and weighing five tons.
蜜蜂做什么都无济于事 无法阻止这只镰刀龙获取蜂蜜 Nothing the bees can do deters this one.
最后终于得到一点美食了 At last, a little treat.
还顺带又被叮了几下 And a few more stings.
即使在白天 茂密森林的下层植被中 仍然是一片昏暗 Even by day, it's still dark in the understory of the dense forests,
比如欧洲的这个 such as this one in Europe.
在这里很难分辨出任何种类的动物 Animals of any kind are difficult to distinguish.
然而它们无处不在 Yet, they're everywhere.
沼泽龙很少暴露自己 Telmatosaurus seldom breaks cover.
同样不显眼的还有 And equally inconspicuous…
查摩西斯龙 Zalmoxes.
这是一种非常古老的恐龙谱系中的 最后一个品种 The last of a very ancient dinosaur lineage.
这片森林是它们为数不多的据点之一 This forest is one of their few remaining strongholds.
身高18厘米的小查摩西斯龙 只不过是许多捕食者的零食 Seven inches tall, baby Zalmoxes are no more than snacks for many predators.
但零食还是值得一吃的 But snacks are nonetheless worth eating…
所以它们必须小心谨慎 so they have to be cautious.
哈特兹哥翼龙有4.6米高 Hatzegopteryx stands 15 feet tall.
事实上 它是一种翼龙 也就是一种有翅膀的爬行动物 It is, in fact, a pterosaur, a reptile with wings,
当它在这片树丛中行走时 必须把翅膀紧紧地折叠起来 that here, as it stalks through the trees, it has to keep tightly folded.
这片森林里有许许多多的小生物 是它经常拜访的猎场之一 This forest, so rich in small creatures, is one of its regular hunting grounds.
这片森林位于欧洲最南端 It stands on the southernmost edge of Europe.
它是有史以来最重的飞行动物 This is the heaviest animal ever to fly,
这里没有其他地方 可以让它张开翼展超过9米的 and there is nowhere else here where it can open its gigantic wings,
巨大翅膀 which are over 30 feet across.
许多森林里的永久居民经常到海岸上来 Many of the forest's permanent residents regularly come down here…
因为这里的植物被海浪冲溅 because the plants are coated with sea spray
是动物们喜欢的盐分来源 and are a welcome source of salt.
在这里 蜥脚类恐龙得以相聚 重温家庭关系 Here, sauropods can meet one another, renewing family bonds…
并创造新的家庭成员 and creating new ones.
但对哈特兹哥翼龙来说 这片海滩就是个起飞点 But for Hatzegopteryx, the beach is a launching pad.
现在它的翅膀将带它去另一片森林 Now his wings will carry him to yet another forest,
那里的生命 比我们这个史前星球上的任何地方 where life proliferates more variously and more abundantly
都更多样化 更丰富 than anywhere else on our prehistoric planet.
要想了解这些故事背后的科学 To discover the science behind the stories,
请去《Prehistoric Planet》 网页了解更多 go now to the Prehistoric Planet show page.
字幕翻译：谭萱